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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metallurgy |
The study of metals. Metals first believed to have been found 10,000BP |
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Name the "Ages" in Chronological Order with the starting years |
1. Gold - 10,000BP 2. Copper - 9000BP 3. Bronze - 6000BP 4. Iron - 3500BP |
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Name Characteristics of the Golden Age |
Great significance to Ancient Egyptians |
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Identify the Extraction process for Gold |
1. 100 mines which salves dug (deep shafts) 2. Extract from quartz veins 3. quartz crushed in stone mills 4. moulds used to create ingots which were then put into large clay vessels 5. gold dust melted/purified 6. washed with water 7. fashioned into rings - sent to Northern Egypt 8. Made into jewellry |
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Name Characteristics of the Copper Age |
- First metal to be extracted from an ore in Middle East - Copper oxide heated with lead to make copper - Pure copper is soft/expensive so did not replace stone tools - early open smelters not hot enough - thus produced glassy slag - process of smelting was developed |
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Define smelting and identify the process |
extract (metal) from its ore by a process involving heating and melting. 1. crushing/grinding ore into fine powder 2. Mix with charcoal and place it into fire *charcoal acts as reducing agent 3. Use bellows to blast air into furnace which raises temperature |
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Name characteristics of the Iron Age |
Humans develop method to generate higher temperature and forge iron into tools/weapons - extracted from iron oxide at high temp - impure iron hammered at red heat, then hot iron beaten/folded 1000 times --> final product WROUGHT IRON - discovery of iron to steel - replaced copper alloys, as they were stronger and harder |
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Modern Era |
Iron dominant. Metals in common usage are alloys Aluminium Earth's most abundant metal |
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Future Age |
- We will continue to depend heavily on metals - Steel will be the most commonly used due to low cost - recycling crucial - new heat resistant alloys used in cars - ceramic coating used more to help increase longevity of tools |
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Define "Alloy" and identify it's purpose |
A mixture of a metal with one or more other elements (which are usually other metals). Process is called "alloying". Purpose - enhance hardness, lower melting point, enhance corrosion resistance, modify colour and enhance tensile strength |
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Name the two types of alloys |
Heterogeneous - component atoms are not uniformly distributed through the lattice. Known as substitutional alloy. Homogenous - uniformly distributed, known as interstitial alloy |
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Why is energy input necessary to extract a metal from its ore? |
Many ores contain metal oxides. Metal oxides are more stable than metals. Energy is required to break the metaloxygen bond in these metal oxides to release the metal in its elemental form. |
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What are the two types of chemical reactions whilst extracting metals? |
Endothermic - absorbs or uses heat Exothermic - heat is released |
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Name some extraction techniques with reference to reactivity of metals |
electrolysis and nuclear technology or process or reduction |
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Nuclear Production Techniques? |
Some metals are produced by neutron bombardment of other elements in nuclear reactors. Firing high-velocity, metallic ions, produced in a particle accelerator, into metallic targets forms new elements |
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Identify why there are moremetals available for people to use now than there were 200 years ago |
Money - it is now cheaper to extract metals from ores due to fall in price of electricity Improvements in Technology |
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What Improvements in Technology? |
Humans learnt how to create a high-temperature environment (blast furnace) which allows extraction of metals previously not able Introduction of electricity led to electrolysis which allowed for the most reactive metals (aluminium) to be extracted |
