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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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BP =
a) SV x HR b) CO x TPR c) TPR x HR d) SV x CO |
b) Blood pressure = cardiac output time total peripheral resistance.
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What four main systems and organs regulate blood pressure?
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1 - heart
2 - kidneys 3 - blood vessels (tone) 4 - hormones (multiple) |
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Which of the following is/are important mechanism(s) causing atherosclerotic plaque build-up to influence blood pressure?
a) narrowing of vessels b) decrease in endothelin c) disruption of prostacyclin and NO d) both a and C |
d) reduction of prostacyclin and NO reduce vessel relaxation and increase contraction. Additionally, narrowing of vessels increases peripheral resistance.
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True or false: secondary hypertension results in reversible changes to the cardiovascular system.
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False - these can develop into permanent changes, which is why appropriate intervention is so important.
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What is the first step in addressing essential HTN?
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Lifestyle changes: decrease sodium and LDL, increase exercise and HDL. If this does not alter HTN, or the HTN is severe, also incorporate antihypertensive treatment.
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Name four main classes of antihypertensive drugs.
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-Diuretics
-Sympatholytics -Vasodilators -Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagonists |
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What substance has the greatest effect on smooth muscle contractility in blood vessels?
a) angiotensin II b) epinephrine c) renin d) angiotensinogen |
a) angiotensin II
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What percentage of primary HTN is seen in primary care? a) 10%
b) 50% c) 90% |
c) 90%
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True or false: in normal blood vessels, flow can be heard with a stethoscope?
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False. Only turbulent flow is heard. This can be caused by build up of plaque, among other things.
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Name three causes of secondary HTN
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-Chronic renal disease
-Primary aldosteronism -Renovascular disease -Pheochromocytoma -Coarctation of the aorta -Cushing's |
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Why does the presence of atherosclerotic plaque increase the risk of clot formation?
a) plaque can dislodge from vessel walls and in itself be a cause of ischemia. b) disruption of prostacyclin and NO causes an increase in clot formation c) it does not increase the risk of clot formation d) a and b are correct |
d)
(prostacyclin and NO inhibit platelet aggregation and therefore when these are disrupted, platelet aggregation increases) |
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Write out Poiseuille's Law
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Q = (pie) a4 P / 8Ln
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True or false: TPR increases with age
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True
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What is the role of calcium in smooth muscle contraction?
a) binds to myosin b) promotes the phosphorylation of myosin c) inhibits the binding of calmodulin to MLCK |
Only b) is true. This results in an increase in smooth muscle contraction.
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Name four significant negative outcomes of HTN
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-heart failure
-stroke -nephrosclerosis and renal failure -retinopathy -aneurysm and dissection |
