Metabolism And Nutrition

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The food we eat consists of these 3 things

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carbohydrates,
lipids,
and proteins

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These molecules have three fates:

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1. Used as an energy supply
2. Serve as “building blocks” for more complex molecules in the body
3. Stored for future use

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All the chemical reaction in the body are referred to as ?

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Metabolism

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Metabolism includes two types of reactions:

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Catabolism
Anabolism

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? breaks down more complex molecules into simpler molecules

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Catabolism

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? combines simpler molecules to form more complex molecules

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Anabolism

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Catabolic and anabolic reactions use the molecule ??? for energy transfer

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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- ATP is needed to activate enzymes, and is also an energy source in ? ?

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chemical reactions

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A carbohydrate is a molecule with the chemical formula ?

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C6H12O6

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A carbohydrate can be found as # things

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monosaccharide
Disaccharides-(2 mono)
Polysaccharides (many monos)

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Examples of monosaccharides are (3) ? ? and ?

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glucose
fructose
galactose

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Examples of disaccharides are

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sucrose(table sugar)
lactose (milk sugar)

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Sucrose is the compound of what 2 monosaccharides?

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glucose & fructose

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Lactose is the compound of what 2 monosaccharides?

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glucose & galactose

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Examples of polysaccharides are

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starch
fiber (cellulose)

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The body uses ? as its main energy source

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glucose

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All other ? are broken down or converted to glucose by various enzymes

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carbohydrates

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Glucose is used for production of ???

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ATP

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Glucose is used for Synthesis of ? ?, the building blocks of proteins

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amino acids

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Glucose is used for Synthesis of ?, a polymer of glucose

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glycogen

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This molecule is stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

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glycogen

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? provides a quick source of glucose;2% of the body’s energy reserves are in the form of this

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glycogen

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Glucose is used for Synthesis of ?, which are stored in adipose tissue

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triglycerides

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? can be formed from materials in the body

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Glucose

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The process of The breakdown of glycogen is called ?

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glycogenolysis

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the process of breakdown of triglycerides and proteins is called ?

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gluconeogenesis

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* Don’t confuse these two;

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gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis

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? leads to the formation of new glucose (hence the –neo )

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gluconeogenesis

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While ? breaks down glycogen (hence the –lysis) to release stored glucose

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glycogenolysis

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? are used as structural molecules (like phospholipids in cell membranes), and as energy storage

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Lipids

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? are stored in adipose tissue throughout the body and in the liver

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Lipids

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? ? makes up the remaining 98% of the body’s energy reserves

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Adipose tissue

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Lipids are catabolized by enzymes called ?

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lipases

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the process of catabalizing enzymes into lipases is called ?

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lipolysis

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Lipids can be anabolized from glucose or amino acids through

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Lipogenesis

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This occurs whenever you eat excess carbohydrates or proteins

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Lipogenesis

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? are never stored for future use

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Proteins

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? are either used to produce ATP, or used to synthesize new proteins in the body(such as muscle fibers, or structural proteins like collagen and keratin)

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Proteins

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During digestion, proteins are catabolized into ? ?

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amino acids

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Any excess ? ? in the diet are converted to glucose during gluconeogenesis or to triglycerides during lipolysis

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amino acids

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There are ? amino acids in total

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20

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? are synthesized in the body

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10

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? are essential amino acids; they need to come from food

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10

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The ? ? begins immediately after a meal

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absorptive state

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The absorption state normally lasts about ? hours

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4

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? ? enters the bloodstream mainly as glucose, amino acids, and triglycerides

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Ingested food

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About ?% of glucose is used immediately for ATP production

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50%

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The rest of glucose is converted to ?(10%) or ? in adipose tissue (40%)

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glycogen
tryglycerides

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Most ? are directly stored in adipose tissue

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lipids

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- Used for ATP production or to synthesize glucose or fatty acids(part of triglycerides)

- Also used to synthesize proteins throughout the body

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Amino Acids

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The ? ? occurs after the absorptive state ends, beginning about 4 hours after a meal

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postabsorptive state

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The main aim of the ? ? is to keep glucose levels up in the body

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postabsorptive state

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Glucose is formed several (3) different ways

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1.Breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
2. Breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue (lipolysis)
3. Gluconeogenesis from the breakdown of proteins in skeletal muscle

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? is the overall rate at which the body’s metabolic reactions use up energy

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Metabolism

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The ? ? at rest is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

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metabolic rate

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the ? ? is burned around 1200-1800 kilocalories (food calories) per day

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metabolic rate

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? ? can burn anywhere from 500 to 3000 kilocalories per day

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Physical Activity

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A ? is a unit of heat, used to measure energy usage

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kilocalorie

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In order to maintain a ? ?, kilocalorie intake should not exceed the kilocalories expended in your daily activities

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healthy weight

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Most people need to take in ~ ?- ? kilocalories every day

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1600-2400

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Men usually require more ? than women

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calories

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Active people require more ? than sedentary people

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calories

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In terms of nutrients, each gram of carbohydrates or proteins provides ? kilocalories, but a gram of lipids provides ? kilocalories!

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4
9

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This means that it requires more energy expenditure to burn off ?

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lipids

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People should eat a variety of foods, especially an assortment of fruits and vegetables for the ? and ? and ? they contain

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vitamins
minerals
fiber (cellulose)

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these 3 things should be used sparingly

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Fats sugars and oils

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Essential ? include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium

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minerals

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Essential ? include vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, and the complex of B-vitamins

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vitamins

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Vitamin ? deficiency causes night blindness

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A

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Vitamin C deficiency causes ?,which leads to bleeding gums, loose teeth, and poor collagen formation

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scurvy

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Vitamin D deficiency causes ?,which leads to softening of the bones and weak muscle tone

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rickets

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Vitamin B9 (folic acid) deficiency during pregnancy leads to malformation of the fetal neural tube, and the baby can be born with ? ?

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spina bifida

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In ? ? the neural tube doesn’t close properly, and people with this condition have trouble moving their skeletal muscles below the affected area

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spina bifida

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Grains and cereals in the US are now fortified with ? ? to prevent spina bifida; since this was introduced, the number of new cases has decreased

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folic acid