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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is hyponatremia
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low blood sodium
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causes of hyponatremia
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drinking excess water
Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-diuretic Hormone-usually caused by head injury or pituitary damage |
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symptoms of hyponatremia
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people feel weak and faint
can be fatal |
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low potassium causes:
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hyperpolarization of nerves
cardiac arrhythmias |
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high potassium causes:
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diminished polarization of nerves,which can stop the heart
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hemochromotosis
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too much iron
caused by deranged ferritin-transferrin system |
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angiotensin
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gets rid of potassium and accumulates sodium
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hypertension
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too much fluid in our body due to too much salt in our diet
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causes of narcotic overdose
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hypercapnia-increased carbon dioxide
breathing slows |
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endorphins and child birth
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used to suppress fetal respiratory effort, slow gastric contractions, and inhibit any response to pain or anxiety
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what is change in pH for every 10mmHg of carbon dioxide over 40?
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decrease of .1 pH unit
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anion gap calculation
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([sodium]+[potassium])-([chloride]+[bicarb]) in mEq/L
should be less than 18mEq/L |
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carbonic anhydrase inhibition
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prevents reabsorption of bicarb in kidneys
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effect of slow or shallow breathing on pCO2 (hypoventilation)
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build up of pCO2 in alveoli due to failure to remove carbon dioxide from lungs
this causes CO2 to stay in blood resulting in acidosis |
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hyperventilation
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lowers carbon dioxide in blood, which increase pH
can result in cramping of muscles due to hypocalcemia and chest pain like a heart attack |
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treatment of chronic COPD
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do not give them 100% oxygen
the oxygen might be the only driving force to signal their breathing too much oxygen might cause them to stop breathing |
