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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anabolism or catabolism?
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Catabolism
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Does oxidation of carbon compounds release or require energy?
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Release
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Oxidation is loss of an electron or a...
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hydrogen atom
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Oxidation or reduction?
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Reduction
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Give examples of 3 redox coenzymes
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NAD, FAD, NADP
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What is the ultimate electron acceptor?
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Molecular oxygen
(hence why we need oxygen, ultimate stage of reactions) |
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What is a redox pair?
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While one thing is oxidised, another is reduced
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In what way are coenzymes electron carriers?
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They are reduced
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What does glycolysis break glucose down into?
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Pyruvate (3C)
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How many molecules of ATP are formed from glycolysis?
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2 ATP
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How many NAD molecules are used in glycolysis?
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2
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In the aerobic and anaerobic parts of respiration what happens to NAD?
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Regenerated in mitochondria or in anaerobic, regenerated by formation of lactate
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How much ATP does anaerobic glycolysis produce?
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2 ATP
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What is the energy production like in anaerobic respiration?
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Faster energy production
Short duration of energy e.g. white muscle fibres |
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Which organ converts lactate back to pyruvate?
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Liver
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Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
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Inner matrix of mitochondria
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What is the carbon input to the citric acid cycle?
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Acetic acid bound to coenzyme A = acetyl coA
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What other inputs apart from pyruvate may be used for acetyl coA?
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Acetate, butyrate - ruminants and hindgut fermenters
Acetoacetate - (ketones in starvation) Amino acids - carnivores |
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What is the electron transport chain?
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Electrons are transported from reduced coenzymes to oxygen -> water
Regenerates oxidised coenzymes |
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What are the respiratory complexes found on the inner membrane of mitochondria?
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I-IV + coenzyme Q and cytochrome C
Proton pumps which use energy from each redox reaction to pump hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
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What is the result of pumping hydrogen into the intermembrane space?
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Proton gradient - Creates positive electrochemical potential
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What is the proton gradient used for?
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ATP synthase uses the gradient to produce ATP
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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Regenerates oxidative coenzymes
Oxygen reduced to water ATP produced from proton gradient |
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What is respiratory control?
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When ADP is low and ATP is high, can turn off whether electrons are transported to oxygen
ADP low/ATP high ATP synthase stops Proton gradient builds up ETS stops NADH oxidation stops TCA cycle stops |
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What is an uncoupling protein?
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Can dissipate the proton gradient before it's used for oxidative phosphorylation (i.e. energy formation, energy lost as heat instead)
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Give an example of a mitochondrial uncoupler
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Cyanide, DNP slimming drug
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