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17 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is naturalism? |
There are real objective moral truths that are independent to humans, that we can observe through nature. This approach is cognitive and absolutist. |
Observation |
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What is intuitivism? |
There are objective moral truths that are independent of humans, that can be discovered by intuition. It's an inner, instinctual feeling that indicates right from wrong. We can recognise wrongness if we have an instinctual recoil towards it. It's a cognitive approach. |
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What is emotivism? |
Ethical statements are not propositions, rather they're an expression of feelings and opinions. There are no moral truths. Words such as 'good and 'bad' have no existence or meaning outside of human experience. This is a non-cognitivist and subjective approach. |
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What did F.H. Bradley argue ? |
He claimed that morals are observable in the concrete world. The social order and your position in that order dedicates your moral duties. |
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Issues with Bradley's claim? |
There has been radical changes in western society, where roles of men and women have drastically changed. Naturalism sustains such an absolutism that it labels family and marriage breakdown as moral failures. |
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What does Philippa Foot say about naturalism? |
There are virtues, characteristics and behaviours that aim for good, which we can observe in a moral person. A moral person has qualities of goodness that causes them to act in a certain way. Moral evil is a 'kind of natural defect.' Nature shows a life cycle and reproduction, where we can distinguish norms from this. |
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Problems with Philippa Foot? |
J.L. Mackie argued that what we are observing is people following rules and norms that we have agreed upon as right and wrong, it is not s fixed moral truth. |
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Criticisms David Hume gave for naturalism ? |
Moral good and evil cannot be distinguished through reason. There explained by sentiment of the observer, morals are not absolute fact. The wrongness comes from our sentiment not observation. Naturalistic fallacy :you cannot go from an is to an ought, you cannot make a fact a virtue. This creates a new an unjustified relationship between these words. |
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What does G.E. Moore say about intuitivism? |
Goodness is simple and indefinable property of an action. E.g. we can't define yellow but we can recognise and relate to it. Good is good. We know what good is through intuition, the mind apprehended without the use of reason. |
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What does H.A. Pritchard say about intuitivism? |
Our obligations are self evident, obligations are indefinable like goodness. If there is a conflict in obligations, reason should determine which obligation is greater. |
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What does W.D. Ross say about intuitivism? |
We know intuition from the idea of prima facie duties. Prima facie meaning at first glance. Ross also calls them conditional duties because they apply as they are no stronger obligations present. |
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Who does Mackie criticise about intuitivism? |
The queerness argument. 1. So called objective moral truths and the faculties that detect them I.e. intuition are strikingly queer. 2. We cannot believe in queer concepts without wrong evidence 3. There is little evidence for intuition. 4. Therefore we should not believe in queer ideas. |
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What does A.J. Ayer say about emotivism? |
Boo hurrah theory: when we say something is good we mean hurrah for it, bad we mean boo to it. |
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What does C. L. Stevenson say about emotivism? |
Ethical statements express an emotional response, it's purpose it to persuade others of the correctness of their belief. When we say murder is wrong, we mean we want the world to operate without murder. Therefore they're not arbitrary expressions of emotion but the imply others should share our beliefs and feelings towards a moral issue. E.g. sexual intercourse without consent, describes the act. Rape is an emotional charged word that evokes an emotional response, this carries force that description does not.
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What does McIntyre say about emotivism ? |
Emotivism is opaque. Doesn't help disntiguush feelings that are moral and immoral. Morality changes with emotion, therefore if morslity is subjective, is there are need for a justice system and prison? |
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What is cognitivism? |
Ethical statements are propositions that can either be the or false, syntheically or analytically. |
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What is non cognitivism? |
Cannot be true or false |
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