Messed Up Flash Cards

Front 1

1. What are the names and functions of the components of the female reproductive system?

Back 1

Funnel- catches the egg when it is released from the ovary
Fallopian tube (oviduct or egg tube) - takes eggs from the ovary to the uterus. It is also where fertilisation takes place
Lining of the uterus- which is discharged every month during menstruation
Ovary- where the eggs (ova) are matured and female hormones are produced

Front 2

2. What are the names and functions of the components of the female reproductive system?

Back 2

Uterus- (womb) the place where the baby develops. The wall of the uterus is made of muscle and enlarges during pregnancy as the baby grows
Lining of the cervix- produces cervical mucus (a thick, sticky substance)
Cervix- neck of the uterus
Vagina- the place where the sperm are deposited during intercourse

Front 3

1. What are the names and functions of the components of the male reproductive system?

Back 3

Urethra- a tube for both semen and urine (during intercourse the exit from the bladder is closed)
Penis- ejaculates the sperm into the vagina of the female
Foreskin- covers and protects the tip of the penis
Scrotum- a bag which hangs below the abdomen and contains the testes. In this way, the sperm are able to be stored at a cooler and more suitable temperature than if they were inside the body

Front 4

2. What are the names and functions of the components of the male reproductive system?

Back 4

Testis- where sperm are made and testosterone is produced
Epididymis- where the sperm are stored
Sperm tube (vas deferens), prostate gland, seminal vesicle- glands which secrete fluid to mix with the sperm to make semen

Front 5

Birth cannel

Back 5

When the uterus, cervix and vagina open up and become one.

Front 6

Crowning

Back 6

When the baby’s head emerges from the vagina.

Front 7

Episiotomy

Back 7

The operation when a small cut is made to widen the opening of the vagina and prevent the skin from tearing.

Front 8

Full dilation

Back 8

When the cervix is opened to 10cm

Front 9

Amniocentesis sampling

Back 9

An amniocentesis sampling is carried out by taking a hollow needle and inserting into the mothers abdominal wall and into the uterus to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid. This test is used during pregnancy to detect a variety of foetal chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome and spina bifida. This test can also detect the baby's sex. There is 0.5 percent chance of miscarriage with this test. This test is taken at 16-18 weeks during pregnancy.

Front 10

Chronic villus sampling

Back 10

Chronic villus sampling is a test that involves removing a small piece of the placenta with a needle and examining the cells. This test is carried out to detect conditions like Down syndrome, sickle cell anaemia and thalassemia. There is a 1 percent chance of miscarriage with this test. This test is taken at 11 weeks during the pregnancy.

Front 11

Urine test

Back 11

These are performed at every antenatal visit to determine sugar levels (diabetes) and protein levels (kidney/bladder infections or toxaemia)

Front 12

Blood test

Back 12

These are done to determine the levels of iron present in the blood to prevent anaemia. Blood tests also provide information on blood group, immunity to Rubella and the presence of placental abnormalities. This test is usually done early in pregnancy and may be redone during the last trimester to determine iron levels.

Front 13

Ultrasound

Back 13

These are used to diagnose the prenatal environment without the use of drugs. They are used to determine the gestational age and arrival date of the baby. They can diagnose pregnancy complications such as the placement of the placement of the placenta, multiple births, and foetal abnormalities. Ultrasounds are usually performed at around 16-18 weeks. At 20 weeks gender can be determined. Passing sound waves into human tissue and charting the echoes, which bounce back provide a picture.

Front 14

First stage of labour, what happens and how long does it go for?

Back 14

Stage 1: The neck of the uterus opens
During the first stage of labour, contractions of the muscles in the wall of the uterus gradually open the cervix. The membranes rupture at some time during this stage, either at the very beginning of labour, or later on. The first stage is the longest stage of labour and it comes to an end when the cervix has opened wide enough for the baby’s head to pass through- this is 10cm.

Front 15

Second stage of labour, what happens and how long does it go for?

Back 15

Stage 2: The baby passes through the birth canal
The uterus, cervix and vagina have by now become one continuous birth canal. The contractions are very strong and they push the baby head first through the birth canal. When the baby’s head emerges from the vagina it is called crowning. When the baby’s head has emerged, the midwife clears mucus from the nose and mouth and the baby may then start to breathe. The midwife then eases the shoulders through the birth canal and the baby slides out.

Front 16

Third stage of labour, what happens and how long does it go for?

Back 16

Stage 3: The baby becomes a separate person
Once the baby is breathing, the umbilical cord is clamped in two places and a cut is made between them. This separates the baby from the mother. The contractions continue until the placenta becomes separated from the wall of the uterus and has been pushed out through the vagina.

Front 17

Pain relief methods

Back 17

RELAXATION AND BREATHING EXERCISES – helps to make labour easier for many women especially in the first stage
AROMATHERAPY- helps in the first stage of labour
GAS AND AIR- used towards the end of the first stage when the contractions are very strong
PETHIDINE- an injection of this pain killer may be given if the contractions become very uncomfortable
EPIDURAL- injected into the lower part of the spine. Stops pain by blocking the nerves that carry painful sensations from the abdomen to the brain.
TENS- (Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation) is a method of relieving pain in labour. It reduces the intensity of the pain messages which the body sends from the uterus, cervix and vagina to the brain

Front 18

Environmental factor 1 that can affect the normal growth and development of the baby: smoking

Back 18

Smoking- There could be an ectopic pregnancy or a miscarriage. Smoking can cause death after birth. If a baby’s mother has been smoking during pregnancy they can be born at an unhealthy weight and premature. The baby can also suffer from asthma or other respiratory infections.

Front 19

Environmental factor 2 that can affect the normal growth and development of the baby: alcohol

Back 19

Alcohol can affect the development of the baby’s brain and can slow down the process of physical growth. It is also common for the baby to born at a low birth weight. The baby may suffer from physical and behavioural problems. Heavy drinking can cause foetal alcohol syndrome. Babies affected with FAS can have restricted growth, facial abnormalities, and learning and behavioural disorders

Front 20

Environmental factor 3 that can affect the normal growth and development of the baby: X rays

Back 20

Radiation can partially destroy genetic material that acts as the blueprint for the normal development of each body cell of the body. X-rays can cause the greatest amount of effects on an embryo which is in the initial stages of development. Babies that have been exposed to x-rays whilst being in the womb can have a high risk of developing diseases of the respiratory system, blood disorders and infectious illnesses in childhood.

Front 21

Body paragraph

Back 21

What is an argument that is used?
What is a persuasive technique that is used?
A quote or example of how they used the persuasive technique.
Why was it used/how does it affect the audience?

Front 22

Body paragraph example

Back 22

Eg.
However, although Amy agrees with Jeff Kennett about his statement that the best environment to raise a child needs to be stable and loving, she disagrees that it must be an environment where one male and one female are married to each other. Amy positions the reader to agree by using her personal experience ‘he would only need to come to my home’ which shows that her environment is just as good as a family with heterosexual parents. She also uses the persuasive technique of appeal to family values when she says ‘my same-sex partner and I are doing a fantastic job of raising two very bright, bubbly, happy and well-adjusted daughters’ which invokes the readers desire for emotional security and a protective, nurturing environment for children.

Front 23

Environmental factors that promote good mental health

Back 23

-caring relationships with family, school and community
-opportunities for meaningful participation (decision making)
-high expectations

Front 24

Personal abilities that promote good mental health

Back 24

-Autonomy (a sense of one’s self-worth and identity and ability to cope)
-Social skills
-Problem-solving skills
-Sense of purpose and hope for the future

Front 25

Ways to look after your mental health

Back 25

Relax- everyone relaxes in different ways, so think about how you relax and do it on a regular basis. Make relaxation a part of your lifestyle; do not relax just when you need to. Also remember that good sleep is essential for both physical and mental health

Spend time in enjoyable company- Take pleasure in the companionship of school friends, family members, neighbours, team mates and work colleagues.

Enjoy your own company- Spend time away from all your demands by doing things you enjoy, such as taking a walk, relaxing in a bath, listening to music or reading a book

Make simple changes to your habits that may increase positive feelings- These changes could include getting out of bed earlier to go to the gym, joining a club to meet new people, doing volunteer work, going for a bike ride or reading the local newspaper.

Front 26

Risks associated with piercings

Back 26

Uncontrollable bleeding
Scarring
Stinging pains
Skins allergies to jewellery used
Hepatitis
Tetanus
HIV
Chronic Infection
Nerve Damage

Front 27

Risks associated with tattoos

Back 27

Allergic reactions
Skin infections
Blood borne diseases (if the equipment used is contaminated with infected blood)
Going to an unauthorized/unregistered place

Front 28

Psychotic illness and examples

Back 28

A psychotic illness is a condition caused by any of a group of illnesses that are known, or thought, to affect the brain causing changes in thinking, emotion and behaviour. People experiencing an acute stage of a psychotic illness lose touch with reality. Psychotic illnesses include schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder.

Front 29

Non-psychotic illness and examples

Back 29

A non-psychotic illness is an illness which feelings of depression, sadness, tension or fear can become so severe that the person suffering from the illness can have difficulty coping with day-to-day activities such as going to work or enjoying leisure time. Non-psychotic illnesses include phobias, anxiety, some forms of depression, and eating disorders.

Front 30

Triggers of mental illnesses

Back 30

Chronic illnesses
Traumatic experiences
Gender
Stress
Low income
Race
Age
Social isolation
Location

Front 31

Stigmas of mental illnesses

Back 31

Should be able to get over it
Violent
Cant be cured
Doing it for attention
Insane
Split personalities
Born with the mental illness