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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mesozooplankton - overview
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- "Net Zooplankton"
- 200-200um - feed on "lg" phytoplankton & microzooplankton - all size-specific particle feeders |
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Copepods - overview
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- most abundant mesoplankton
- some Holoplanktonic (spend entire life as plankton) - some Meroplanktonic (change from planktonic to benthic or nekton) - Bullet shaped - Antennae for swimming |
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Calanoid copepods
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- Antennae longer than body
- single egg sac |
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Cyclopoid copepods
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- 2 egg sacs
- single eye - Planktonic (some benthic) |
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Harpacticoid copepods
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- smaller cephalothorax
- Bristles - shortest antennae |
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Copepod Life cycle
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1)Naupilus
2)Copepodites (through series of molts finally becomes:) 3) Adult - 2 weeks to 2 yrs |
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Crustaceans - Cladocerans
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-"Water fleas", Daphnia
- Mainly freshwater - compound eye on side of head - snout for feeding - jointed legs through slit Fairly long antennae - carry eggs on back - know for being parthenagenic (can arise from non-fert eggs = females) - pops will be all female in easy conditions, males arise as conditions worsen - fertilize eggs making them dormant |
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Crustaceans - Amphipoda
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- laterally compressed (narrow)
- Carnivorous and parasitic - small proportion of zooplankton - Direct development: egg -> adult |
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Crustaceans - Euphasids
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-Krill
-Euphausia superba: Arctic Krill, for Baleen Whales, commercial importance (aquaculture/ fish feed) |
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Crustaceans - Mysids
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-"Oppossum Shrimp"
-shrimp-like - found close to bottom - Demsersal zooplankton: lives in sediments during daytime & exits at night - esp. on coral reefs - Attracted to light at night |
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Crustaceans - Ostracods
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- seed shaped
- Clodoceran kritter in shell |
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Chaetognaths
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- "Arrow Worms", "Bristle mouth worms"
- swim weakly - great predators - use bristles near mouth to catch fish & other zooplankton - sense vibrations & attack - most abundant character - only marine |
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Annelids
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Tomopteris: holoplanktonic, carnivorous (only one)
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Mollusks: Pteropods
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-modified foot - wing-like structure
- spiral shell - more adv. = diff shape or no shell at all - produce mucus "web" & catch particles |
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Mollusks: Heterpods
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- foot modified into fin
- spiral shell - visual predators - feed on other types |
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Mollusks: Gymnosomes
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- no shells
- specialized predators of pteropods & heteropods |
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Urochordates - Larvaceans
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- tadpole-like
- builds a mucus house equipped w/ screens on front end and another set of back screens - uses tail to draw water through screen to trap food and sends rest out back screen - house can be <4 cm - can collect nano & pico plankton if filter cloggs, bores out and abandons house -this sinks - part of "Marine snow" |
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Urochordates - salps
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- warm surface waters only
- cyllindrical body w/ muscles to pass water through (pulsates) - mucus net inside to filter water - often form colonies (aggregates) |
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Cnidarians
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-gelatinous zooplankton
- some have dominant life stage as plankton, some alternate w/ benthic - medusa form = planktonic - weak swimmers - Nematocystys: vary in size - Siphanophores: colony, attaches to float, each projections an individual, interconnected gut, division of labor: feeding and reproducing |
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Ctenophora
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- Comb jellies
- different shape - series of combs (ctene), rows of cilia - beat and allows for weak swimming - Illuminecense - no nematocysts, but still voacious feeders |
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Meroplankton
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- snail larva: Velegers
-segmented worms: polychaetes - echinoderm larva - Crustacean zoo & naupuli - cyprus - larval barnacles - Ichtyoplankton: variety of sizes & shapes, eggs, larvae, lived off yolk sac |
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Methods for collecting
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-Traditional: Net, verticle or horizontal, 2 at once = bongo net
- MOCNESS: monitors depth, salinity, light, chlorophyll - raise/ open/close whenever - multiple measurements at once - blue water diving - on line, collect indivs by hand |
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Planktrotrophic
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P invest: very low (lots of eggs)
Amt of Yolk: small (48 hrs) Disp potenial: very good Survivorship: low |
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Leitrophic
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P invest:Moderate (relatively few produced)
Yolk supply: Intermediatee (14 days) Disp potenial: moderate Survivorship: moderate |
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Direct developing species
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P invest: very high
Amt Yolk: Very high(produce mini adult) Disp Potential: zero Survivorship: very high |
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Diurnal migration
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- typical
- down deep during day, rise to surface at night - zooplankters start to rise before dusk, start down beofre dawn - reenforces biological clock, light is trigger for migration |
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Twilight
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- come up right before sunrise, go down right after
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Why migrate
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1) avoid predators - more active during day, visual
2) foraging - copy prey, primetime to eat phytoplankton 3) temperature- related to metabolism - partition of energy resources |
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Seasonal Verticle migration
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- single migration
-Neoclanus: deep as adult, releases eggs deep - each larval stage ascends to light & goes back down deeper as mature into adult |
