Merrill's Chapter 1 Review

Front 1

All radiographs must include:

Back 1

1. Date
2. Patient's name
3. R/L marker
4. Institution ID

Front 2

Marker placement:

AP or PA projections including both R and L sides of body (ie. head, chest, spine, etc.)

Back 2

R marker

Front 3

Marker placement:

Lateral projections of the head and trunk

Back 3

Side closest to the IR, placed anterior to the anatomy

Front 4

Marker placement:

Oblique projections including both R and L sides of the body

Back 4

Side nearest to the IR

Front 5

Marker placement:

Limb projections

Back 5

Appropriate R or L marker within edge of collimated beam

Front 6

Marker placement:

Limb projections with both R and L sides are side-by-side

Back 6

Both markers

Front 7

How many people should help move an ill patient from bed to bed?

Back 7

At least 4, preferrably 6

Front 8

What are the ways a radiographer can control a patient's voluntary motion?

Back 8

1. Clear instructions
2. Providing patient comfort
3. Adjusting support devices
4. Immobilization
5. Decreasing exposure time (best when age or mental illness is a factor)

Front 9

What are voluntary muscles? What type of tissue are they?

Back 9

Skeletal muscles, striated

Front 10

What causes voluntary muscle motion?

Back 10

Nervousness, Discomfort, Excitability, Mental illness, fear, age, breathing

Front 11

What are involuntary muscles? What type of tissue?

Back 11

Visceral muscles (organs), smooth muscle or cardiac muscle, controlled by the ANS

Front 12

What causes involuntary motion?

Back 12

Peristalsis, Heart pulsation, Chill, Tremor, Spasms, and pain

Front 13

3 techniques to cleanse the bowel pre-exam?

Back 13

Laxatives, limited diet, enemas

Front 14

What reference should be in each radiography department to cover each exam that they do?

Back 14

Procedure book

Front 15

True or false: All blood and bodily fluids should be handled as if they contain pathogenic organisms?

Back 15

True

Front 16

Disinfectants

Back 16

Kill only pathogenic organisms, nothing else (diluted bleach)

Front 17

Antiseptics

Back 17

Inhibit growth of, but don't kill pathogens (alcohol)

Front 18

Sterilization

Back 18

Destruction of ALL microorganisms with heat or chemicals

Front 19

Radiograph:

What are the ways to analyze a radiograph?

Back 19

1. Superimposition
2. Adjacent structures
3. Optical density (OD)
4. Contrast
5. Recorded detail
6. Magnification
7. Shape distortion

Front 20

Radiograph:

1. Superimposition

Back 20

Relationship of anatomic superimposition to size, shape, position, angulation

Front 21

Radiographs:

2. Adjacent structures

Back 21

Each anatomic part must be compared with adjacent structures to ensure structure is accurately shown

Front 22

Radiographs:

3. Optical density (OD) and controlling factors

Back 22

The degree of film blackening. Must by within diagnostic range.

Influenced by mA, s, and mAs

Front 23

Radiographs:

4. Contrast and its primary influence

Back 23

Difference in density between any two areas on a radiograph.
Low contrast = high density, High contrast = low density.

Primarily influenced by kVp

Front 24

Radiographs:

5. Recorded detail and controlling factors

Back 24

The ability to visualize small structures.

Controlled by:
Geometry, film, IP phosphor, Flat panel detector, distance, screen, focal spot size, motion

Front 25

Radiographs:

6. Magnification and controlling factors

Back 25

All radiographs have it because all body parts are 3D.

Influenced by OID and SID.

Front 26

Radiographs:

7. Shape distortion and controlling factors

Back 26

Distortion of a body part, like when bone shown longer than it really is.

controlled by alignment, central ray, anatomic part, IR, and angulation

Front 27

IR:

Four IR devices used:

Back 27

1. Cassette with film
2. Image plate (IP)
3. Solid-state detector
4. Fluoro screens

Front 28

IR:

Cassette with film

Back 28

Device with intensifying screen that glows when x-rays strike it

Front 29

IR:

Image plate

Back 29

Similar to intensifying screen but in CR (digital cassette). Scanned into computer

Front 30

IR:

Solid-state detector

Back 30

Flat panel detector or charge coupling device used directly in digital radiography and cassette-less

Front 31

IR:

Fluoro screen

Back 31

x-rays strike the screen and are transmitted to a live TV monitor

Front 32

Define IR

Back 32

device that receives energy of the x-ray beam and forms an image of the body part

Front 33

How should a Left lateral image be displayed?

Back 33

From the perspective of the tube

Front 34

How should a hand or foot x-ray by displayed?

Back 34

With the digits pointing upward

Front 35

Pathologic conditions that require a decrease in technical factors

Back 35

Old age
Pneumothorax
Emphysema
Emaciation
Degenerative arthritis
Atrophy

Front 36

Pathologic conditions that require an increase in technical factors

Back 36

Pneumonia
Pleural effusion
Hydroencephalus
Enlarged heart
Edema
Ascites