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203 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prior to the French and Indian war, what term described the British policy of allowing colonies to govern their own day-to-day affairs?
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salutary neglect
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What established a method of determining how much slaves would count towards a state's population?
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3/5 Compromise
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List the new powers that the federal government was given by the U.S. Constitution
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power to tax, power to regulate interstate commerce (trade), power to establish an army and navy, power to coin money
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Which people could participate in politics during the early years of the United States?
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white male property owners
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What economic problems did the United States face after the American Revolution?
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state and national debt, inflation
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What British Act was the Third Amendment designed to prevent?
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Quartering Acts
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Which British action enabled government officials to search for smuggled goods without a specific warrant?
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Writs of Assistance
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Who led the Continental Army of the United States against the British in the Revolutionary War?
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George Washington
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In the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence, what is government authority based upon?
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the consent of the people
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According to the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence, why do citizens form governments?
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to protect their inalienable rights (life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness)
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What may people do if their government abuses their rights, according to the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence?
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rebel
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During the early years of the Republic, which group had all of the political power?
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white male landowners
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What political party was founded by Alexander Hamilton?
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Federalists
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What were the main features of Alexander Hamilton's financial plan?
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whiskey tax, protective tariffs, assumption of state debt, national bank
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Why did the Democratic-Republicans oppose the creation of a national bank?
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strict interpretation of the Constitution--thought it was unconstitutional
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What law did the Federalists enact to limit immigration and restrict the right to criticize government officials?
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Alien & Sedition Acts
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Which political party believed in a strict interpretation of the Constitution?
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Democratic-Republicans
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Which resolutions were written to oppose the Alien and Sedition Acts?
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolves
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What principle was supported in the Virginia and Kentucky resolves?
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states' rights/nullification
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What was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789?
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federal court system
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What principle did the Supreme Court establish in the case of Marbury v. Madison?
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judicial review
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What foreign policy was established by President George Washington?
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avoid foreign alliances (neutrality)
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What treaty enabled western farmers to access the Mississippi River and use the ports in New Orleans during Washington's presidency?
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Pinckney Treaty
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What treaty was made under the Washington administration to address the issue of British forts on U.S. soil?
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Jay Treaty
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Which issue threatened American sovereignty during Washington's presidency?
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British forts on American soil
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Under the Adams administration, what incident resulted in an undeclared naval war against France?
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XYZ Affair
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Which territory did the United States purchase from France to gain full access to the Mississippi River?
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Louisiana Purchase
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Who did Thomas Jefferson appoint to explore the Louisiana Territory?
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Lewis and Clark
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Why did the United States declare war against Great Britain in 1812?
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impressment
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What was the result of the political fight over the creation of the national bank?
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creation of the two-party system
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What happened after the U.S. defeated the tribes at the Battle of Fallen Timbers?
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increased American settlements in Ohio (Treaty of Greenville)
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Which event proved that the national government would enforce the law under President Washington?
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Whiskey Rebellion
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Which word describes issues that have to do with politics, elections, and government?
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political
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Which word means "having to do with business, money, and taxes?
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economic
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Which word refers to people's culture and the way that they live?
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social
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Which word means "agreeing with the legal requirements of the Constitution?
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constitutional
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Which colony was established by the Puritans to be a perfect Christian society?
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Massachusetts
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Which colony was established by the Quakers?
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Pennsylvania
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Which colonies' geography resulted in the development of an economy based on plantation agriculture?
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Southern colonies
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Which economic system helped Britain keep a favorable balance of trade
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mercantilism
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What was the first colonial legislature to be established in the British colonies?
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House of Burgesses
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What document established self-government for the Pilgrims?
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Mayflower Compact
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Which English philosopher said the citizens make a "social contract" to create governments for the protection of their rights?
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John Locke
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After the French and Indian War, which act levied the first-ever direct tax on the colonies?
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Stamp Act
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Protests against the Quartering Act resulted in British troops firing on protestors in which historical event?
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Boston Massacre
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Which historical event involved a protest by the Sons of Liberty against the taxes levied by the Tea Act?
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Boston Tea party
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Which acts were passed by Parliament to try to regain control over the colonists in Boston, Massachusetts?
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Coercive or "Intolerable" Acts
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Which historical event is known as “the shot heard ‘round the world” that started the American Revolution?
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Lexington & Concord
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What was the primary cause of the American Revolution?
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taxation without representation
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What did Thomas Paine’s "Common Sense" urge colonists to do?
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declare independence from Britain
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Which document officially listed the reasons that the colonies separated from Great Britain?
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Declaration of Independence (1776)
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Which document established the national government of the United States after the Revolutionary War?
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Articles of Confederation
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Which event showed that a constitutional convention was needed to strengthen the national government?
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Shays Rebellion
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Which plan resulted in the creation of a bicameral Congress for our legislative branch?
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Great Compromise/Connecticut plan
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Which political group supported the ratification of the Constitution?
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Federalists
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Which political group opposed the Constitution because it didn’t have a Bill of Rights?
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Anti-Federalists
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What was the name of the essays that were written to gain support for ratification of the Constituton?
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Federalist papers
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What form of government allows the people to choose representatives who will make and enforce the laws?
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republic or representative democracy
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What features of the U.S. Constitution limit the power of government?
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separation of powers and checks & balances
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At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a new government with representation based on population?
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Virginia plan
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At the Constitutional Convention, which plan favored a government with equal representation for each state?
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New Jersey plan
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Which part of the U.S. constitution protects personal freedoms such as expression, right to bear arms, and rights of the accused?
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Bill of Rights
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Which act established a method of organizing and preparing U.S. territories for statehood?
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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Which group was used to fill the labor force on plantations in the English colonies?
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African slaves
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What word defines the national unity expressed during the Era of Good Feelings?
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nationalism
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Which innovation increased the dependence on slavery in the South?
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cotton gin
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What were the primary features of Henry Clay's "American System"?
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protective tariffs, internal improvements, national bank
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Who benefited from protective tariffs?
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New England manufacturers
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Who benefited from internal improvments?
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Western farmers
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Which internal improvement increased the commercial importance of New York City?
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Erie Canal
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What industry developed in New England during the Industrial Revolution?
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textile
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Which compromise was made in Congress to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery?
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Missouri Compromise
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Which word means that the nation is divided because of regional differences between North and South during the mid-1800s?
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sectionalism
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Which Supreme Court decision upheld the supremacy clause and the implied powers of Congress to create a national bank?
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McCullough v. Maryland
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Which political change resulted in the common man's influence in American politics during the 1820s and 1830s?
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universal white male suffrage
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What government policy was established regarding American Indians under the Jackson administration?
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removal (to reservations)
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Which foreign policy opposed European intervention in the western hemisphere?
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Monroe Doctrine
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What issue caused the S. Carolina Nullification Crisis of 1832?
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tariffs
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What political issues were supported by Southern politicians like John C. Calhoun in the mid-1800s?
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nullification/states' rights and slavery
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Which principle was supported in John C. Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest?
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nullification/states' rights
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What reform was supported in the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
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women's suffrage
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Where did the Jackson administration put federal deposits to kill the national bank (B.U.S.)?
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state/"pet" banks
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Which political party was created to oppose President Andrew Jackson?
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Whig party
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Which historical event was a result of the Indian Removal Act?
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Trail of Tears
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What practice did Andrew Jackson begin to reward political supporters with government offices?
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spoils system/patronage
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What does the word "suffrage" mean?
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right to vote
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What is a tax on imported goods called?
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protective tariff
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What were the "internal improvements" that the state and federal governments invested in during the 1820s and 1830s?
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canals and roads
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Which reform movement had the goal of ending slavery?
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abolitionism
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Which religious revival resulted in the reform movements of the mid-1800s?
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Second Great Awakening
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Which philosophy emphasized individualism and an appreciation for the "truth and beauty to be found in nature"?
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transcendentalism
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Which former slave became a leader in the abolitionist movement?
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Frederick Douglass
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Which abolitionist led the anti-slavery movement as the publisher of "The Liberator"?
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William Lloyd Garrison
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Which reform movement wanted the prohibition of alcohol?
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the temperance movement
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Which reform movement was led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott?
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women's rights
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Which reform movement(s) were Sarah and Angelina Grimke known for?
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abolitionism and women's rights
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What historical event is associated with the beginning of the women's rights movement?
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Seneca Falls Convention
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Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"?
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the Mexican War
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Who started the Woman's Rights Movment?
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott
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Which event resulted in the passage of more restrictive slave codes in southern states?
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Nat Turner's Rebellion
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What does the word "suffrage" mean?
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right to vote
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What was the result of the Second Great Awakening?
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reform movements
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What was the goal of the temperance movement?
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prohibition of alcohol
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What was a goal of the Declaration of Sentiments created at the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
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women's suffrage
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What was the purpose of the "gag" rule passed in Congress during the 1830s?
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stop debate on slavery
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Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s?
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sectionalism
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economic policy to create a positive balance of trade and increase a nation's gold supply
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Mercantilism
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the first permanent English settlement in the New World
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Jamestown, Virginia
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the first elected legislative body in the New World
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House of Burgesses
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the colony established by the Piligrims in 1620
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Plymouth
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document that established self government based on majority rule
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Mayflower Compact
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established Massachusetts to be a "city upon a hill" that would be a utopian Bible community
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Puritans
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this region's economy was based on staple crops and slave labor
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South
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this regions economy was based on commerce, trade, shipbuilding
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North
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laws to regulate colonial trade
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Navigation Acts
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English policy of allowing the colonies to govern their own affairs
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salutary neglect
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European philosophical movement that stressed the use of reason to understand nature
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Enlightenment
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philosopher who said that citizens create a social contract to create governments that will protect their natural born rights to life, liberty, and property
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John Locke
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religious separatists who sought religious freedom
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Pilgrims
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"discovered" America and claimed colonies for Spain
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Christopher Columbus
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the transfer of plants, animals, people, and resources between Europe, the Americas, and Africa
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Columbian Exchange
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to acquire foreign lands and establish new communities there
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colonization
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laborers who were brought to America in exchange for their commitment to work for a specific period of time
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indentured servants
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the legislative branch of the English government
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Parliament
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trade to bring natural resources from the colonies to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa and the colonies, and slaves from Africa to the colonies
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Triangular trade
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philosopher who believed that government powers should be limited by having separation of powers into legislative and executive branches
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Charles Montesquieu
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a war for control of eastern North America between the French and the English; French lose their North American lands
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French & Indian War
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What acts were passed to reduce sectionalism over the issue of slavery in the Mexican Cession?
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Compromise of 1850
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What method was used to settle the slavery issue in the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
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popular sovereignty
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What was the network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape to freedom called?
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Underground Railroad
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Who is best known for their involvement with the Underground Railroad?
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Harriet Tubman
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Which novel increased sectionalism in America on the issue of slavery?
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Uncle Tom's Cabin
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What was the Republican Party platform based on in 1860?
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no slavery in new states/territories
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Which court case supported the extension of slavery into new territories?
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Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
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What issue were the Lincoln-Douglas debates about?
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slavery in the territories
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What did Senator Stephen Douglas support on the issue of slavery?
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popular sovereignty
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Which historical event led to the formation of the Confederacy?
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1860 presidential election of Abraham Lincoln
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What does "secession" mean?
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to separate from the Union
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What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called?
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The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy
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What did the Compromise of 1850 do?
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added California as a free state; popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah; Fugitive Slave Act
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Which people were not citizens in the 1850s according to the Supreme Court's decision in the case of Dred Scott v. Sanford?
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African-Americans
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What was Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln's position on slavery?
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no slavery in the new states/territories
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What were the people who wanted to ban slavery called in the 1850s?
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abolitionists
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Which radical abolitionist tried to start a slave revolt at Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1859?
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John Brown
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Which word describes the division and rivalry between the North and South during the mid-1800s?
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sectionalism
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Westward expansion was encouraged by which belief?
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Manifest Destiny
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Which historical event is associated with the Texas war for independence from Mexico?
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the Alamo
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Which sectional issue prevented the annexation of Texas to the Union in 1836?
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slavery
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"54'40 or Fight" is associated with James K. Polk's campaign to acquire which territory?
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Oregon
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Which group moved westward during the mid-1800s to escape religious persecution?
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the Mormons
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Which conflict was a result of "Manifest Destiny"?
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the Mexican War
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Which territory did the U.S. acquire as a result of the Mexican War?
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the Mexican Cession
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Which territories were part of the Mexican Cession?
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California, New Mexico and Utah territories
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Which territory was purchased to acquire land for the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad route?
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the Gadsden Purchase
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What did the United States acquire from Spain in the Adams-Onis treaty?
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Florida
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What proposal did anti-slavery representatives make to ban slavery in the territory taken from Mexico?
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Wilmot Proviso
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How did the dispute with Great Britain over Oregon get settled?
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treaty
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What does annexation mean?
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add territory
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What does "secession" mean?
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to separate from the Union
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What were the southern states that seceded from the Union called?
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The Confederate States of America (C.S.A.) or Confederacy
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What were the primary features of the Union army's "Anaconda Plan"?
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naval blockade, control the Mississippi River, capture Richmond
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What was Abraham Lincoln's primary goal in the Civil War?
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preserve the union
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Who became the most important commander of Confederate forces during the Civil War?
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Robert E. Lee
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Which general is most responsible for winning the Civil War?
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Which proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln to make abolition of slavery a new war-time goal for the Union?
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The Emancipation Proclamation
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Which battle was key turning point in the Civil War, resulting in a defeat of Lee's army?
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Gettysburg
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Which battle gave the Union control over the Mississippi River?
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Vicksburg
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During the Civil War, what military campaign tried to destroy the South's resources and support for the war?
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Sherman's March to the Sea
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What ended the Civil War?
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Robert E. Lee's surrender to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox
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What was the primary issue that resulted in secession?
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slavery
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What issue was the primary cause of the Civil War?
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states' rights
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Which political party supported civil rights for African-Americans during Reconstruction (1865-1877)?
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Republican party
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After the Civil War, what was the re-unification of Southern states into the Union called?
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Reconstruction
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Which Reconstruction plan was the most lenient?
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Lincoln's 10% Plan
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What were the congressmen who wanted to reform Southern society and extend equal rights to African-Americans called?
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Radical Republicans
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What laws did Southern states enact to try and re-establish their control over former slaves?
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black codes
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Which federal agency was established to provide education and other social services to former slaves?
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The Freedmen's Bureau
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What officially freed the slaves?
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The Thirteenth Amendment
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What did the Republicans in Congress enact to grant equal rights and citizenship to the freedmen?
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The Civil Rights Act of 1866
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Which legislation resulted in equality for blacks and the occupation of the South by federal troops?
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Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867
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Which amendment guaranteed black male suffrage?
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The Fifteenth Amendment
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Why was President Andrew Johnson impeached?
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violating the Tenure of Office Act
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Which group was formed by ex-Confederates during Reconstruction to terrorize blacks and other Republicans?
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Ku Klux Klan
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Which labor system developed in Southern agriculture during Reconstruction?
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share-cropping
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During Reconstruction, the Republican party in the South was supported by which groups of people?
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scalawags, carpetbaggers, and African-Americans
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What ended Reconstruction?
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The Compromise of 1877
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Which Amendment was passed to provide lasting citizenship rights and "equal protection under the law" to African-Americans?
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The Fourteenth Amendment
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Which political leader opposed equality for blacks and tried to block the Congress's Reconstruction plans?
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President Andrew Johnson
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Which president was elected as a result of the Compromise of 1877?
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Rutherford B. Hayes (Rep.)
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Which political party became the most powerful in the South after Reconstruction ended?
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Democratic
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After Reconstruction ended, what measures were used in Southern states to discriminate against African-Americans?
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Jim Crow laws, poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses
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What motivated migration into California?
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gold rush (1849)
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Which act was passed to promote farming on the Great Plains?
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Homestead Act (1862)
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Which groups of people labored to build the transcontinental railroads?
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immigrants (Irish & Chinese)
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What internal improvement linked western farms and ranches to eastern cities?
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transcontinental railroad
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How did cattlemen bring Texas longhorns to railroad shipping centers?
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cattle drives
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What invention ended the era of open range and cattle drives?
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barbed wire
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What resource did the nomadic lifestyle of the Plains Indians depend on?
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buffalo
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Where did the government force tribes to live to remove Indians from lands desired by new settlers?
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reservations
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Which battle was the last significant victory by Indian tribes against the U.S. army?
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Battle of the Little Bighorn
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Which massacre was the last violent event between the government and American Indians?
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Wounded Knee (1890)
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What act divided Indian reservations lands to begin a policy of assimilation?
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Dawes Severalty Act
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What federal Indian policy was begun under the Dawes Act?
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assimilation/"Americanization"
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