Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is a cross-sectional research method?
|
One-time measure across different age groups
|
|
|
|
What is a longitudinal research method?
|
Need at least two measures, separated by several years
|
|
|
|
What three factors determine the age decline of fitness?
|
Aerobic Fitness
Body Composition Muscular Strength |
|
|
|
What are the two tests to evaluate adult fitness?
|
Y’s Way to Fitness
United States Army Physical Fitness Test (APFT) |
|
|
|
What methods does the Y's Way to Fitness use?
|
**Aerobic Fitness**
(YMCA 3-Minute Step Test) **Body Composition** (Sum of Skinfold) **Muscular Strength** (Bench Press) **Muscular Endurance** (1-Minute Half Sit-Up) **Flexibility** (Trunk Flexion) |
5 aspects of fitness and their tests
|
|
|
What methods does the APFT use?
|
-Push-up Test
# of push-ups completed in 2 min -Sit-Up Test # of sit-ups completed in 2 min -2-mile Run Test Complete 2-mile distance as fast as possible |
|
|
|
What were the five hierarchical categories for functional ability of older adults?
|
1. Physically Dependent
2. Physically Frail 3. Physically Independent 4. Physically Fit 5. Physically Elite Primary target group of functional fitness test – Physically Independent |
|
|
|
What are the three Adult Functional Fitness Tests?
|
AAHPERD Test
Senior Fitness Test Groningen Test |
|
|
|
What methods does the AAHPERD Test use?
|
-Aerobic Fitness Component
880-Yard Walk -Body Composition Component Ponderal Index – height weight ratio -Upper Body Strength Component Strength/Endurance -Lower Body Flexibility Component Trunk/Leg Flexibility -Agility and Balance Component Agility/Dynamic Balance -Fine Motor Abilities Component “Soda Pop” Coordination Test |
|
|
|
What methods does the Senior Fitness Test use?
|
-Aerobic Fitness Component
6-Minute Walk Test or 2-Minute Step-in-Place Test -Body Composition Component Body Mass Index -Lower Body Strength Component Chair Stand Test -Upper Body Strength Component Arm Curl Test -Lower Body Flexibility Chair Sit-and-Reach Test -Upper Body Flexibility Scratch Test -Agility and Dynamic Balance Components 8-Foot Up-and-Go Test |
|
|
|
What methods does the Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly use?
|
-Aerobic Fitness Component
Walking Endurance -Upper Body Strength Component Grip Strength -Lower Body Flexibility Component Hip Flexibility -Upper Body Flexibility Component Shoulder Flexibility -Agility and/or Balance Component Balance -Fine Motor Abilities Component Manual Dexterity and Reaction Time |
|
|
|
Two Major Components of Physical Activity
|
Movement
Behavior |
|
|
|
Two characteristics for classification of P.A. measuring instruments
|
1. Participant burden
How much effort or inconvenience is caused to the person being tested 2. Subjective or Objective Procedures leading to allocation of the participant’s scores |
|
|
|
Types of Instruments for Measuring Physical Activity
|
Physical Activity Diary
Recall Questionnaire Motion Sensors Heart Rate Monitors Doubly Labeled Water Direct Observation Indirect Calorimetry |
|
|
|
Describe a P.A. diary
|
*High participant burden*
*Subjective* Participant records what mode of physical activity has been engaged in at regular time intervals during the measuring period Advantages: evaluations soon after activity, accurate, all aspects of activity determined, adaptable Limitations: bothersome, influence of social desirability, completing diary may influence behavior (reactivity) |
|
|
|
Describe a recall questionaire
|
High participant burden, Subjective
Self-administered, completed by a proxy, or administered by an interview Advantages: done after intervention, low cost, low understanding required, reactivity Limitations: accuracy |
|
|
|
Describe motion sensors
|
Low participant burden, Objective
Pedometer – number of steps Accelerometers – detailed information regarding intensity and direction of movement Advantages: unobtrusive, easy to use, motivation, store data Limitations: insensitive to some modes of physical activity, expensive, fragile, placement, change behavior, not waterproof |
|
|
|
Describe heart rate monitors
|
Low participant burden, Objective
Worn during physical activity Advantages: unobtrusive, field setting, store data Limitations: expensive, muscle group being used, may overestimate physical activity |
|
|
|
Describe Doubly Labeled Water
|
Low participant burden, Objective
Used to measure total energy expenditure over prolonged time periods Ingest small quantity of water containing isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen Advantages: most accurate method, unobtrusive Limitations: very expensive, feedback delayed by analysis, no information of details of activity |
|
|
|
Describe direct observation
|
Low participant burden, Subjective
Trained rater conduct direct observation on participants Coding methods used with prepared form to record at brief, regular intervals Advantages: detailed information, rated as it occurs Limitations: subjective ratings, costly, intrusive, restricted to institutional settings, only short periods monitored, reliability between raters |
|
|
|
Describe indirect calorimetry
|
Low participant burden, Objective
Measurement of gas exchange during controlled physical activity Advantages: accurate estimates of energy expenditure Limitations: Expensive, technician expertise, basic activities, intrusive |
|
|
|
What are sport skill tests?
|
Skill Tests
-Objective method for evaluating skill achievement -Requires an environment similar to the game environment |
|
|
|
What are the four types of skill tests?
|
-Accuracy
-Wall Volley -Total Bodily Movement -Throws, Kicks, or Stroke for Power or Distance |
|
|
|
Describe a sports skill accuracy test
|
Throwing, striking, or kicking an object toward a target for accuracy
|
|
|
|
Describe a sports skill wall volley test
|
Repeatedly stroke, pass, throw, or kick an object at a wall
|
|
|
|
Describe a sports skill total bodily movement test
|
Run a test course using the movements of the sport
|
|
|
|
Describe a sports skill throws, kicks, or strokes for power or distance test
|
Measure the ability to throw, kick, or strike an object forcefully
|
|
|
|
What are rating scales?
|
-Useful for evaluating qualities that cannot be measured with a skill test
-Designed to help objectify subjective evaluation by defining the scoring system |
|
|
|
What is the process for creating a rating scale?
|
1. Purpose
determining the purpose of the subjective evaluation 2. Basic Components Identifying the basic components of the trait being evaluated 3. Levels of Ability Selecting the levels of ability for each component |
|
|
|
Who created psychological scales, questionaires, and inventories in sport and exercise science?
|
Ostrow (1996)
|
|
|
|
What does the agree-disagree continuum measure?
|
an individual's attitude toward a particular ssubject
|
|
|
|
Describe the Attitude Towards Physical Activity (ATPA)
|
Kenyon (1968)
Assesses motives for engaging in physical activity 6 dimensions |
|
|
|
6 Dimensions Measured by the ATPA
|
Physical Activity as a...
1. Social Experience 2. Health and Fitness 3. Pursuit of Vertigo 4. Aesthetic Experience 5. Catharsis (release tension) 6. Ascetic Experience (willingness to complete difficult training or competition) |
|
|
|
What are Semantic Differential Scales?
|
Series of bipolar adjectives
|
|
|
|
What are the three major factors that are measured by Semantic Differential Scales?
|
1. Evaluative (good/bad)
2. Potency (strong/weak) 3. Activity (fast/slow) |
|
|
|
What is the dropout rate from supervised exercise programs?
|
50%
|
|
|
|
2 Psychological Instruments used to Assess the Motives of Exercise
|
The Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI)
Physical Estimation and Attraction Scales (PEAS) |
|
|
|
Describe the Self-Motivation Inventory (SMI)
|
Provides a means of predicting future behavior
35-item, 6 factor scale Six subscales: Commitment Lethargy Drive Persistence Reliability Discipline |
|
|
|
Describe the Physical Estimation and Attraction Scale (PEAS)
|
Measure the components of the physical self as a motivator of physical activity
33 Estimation items 54 Attraction items 2 Social items 11 “neutral” items |
|
|
|
What are the three most common eating disorders?
|
Anorexia, bulimia, binge eating
|
|
|
|
What are the 2 eating disorder scales?
|
Eating Disorder inventory (EDI)
Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) |
|
|
|
What is body image?
|
Describe psychological traits relating to the appearance, structure, and function of a person’s body
|
|
|
|
What are the two major components of body image?
|
*Sensory-perceptual: accuracy with which we perceive our body size, shape, dimensions
Objective feedback *Cognitive-affective: thoughts and feelings associated with our bodies; opinions Subjective Behaviors: avoidance of situations in which attention is drawn to the body |
|
|
|
What are the two most widely used methods for measuring body image?
|
Silhouette figure ratings
Questionnaires Also: Image distortion Photograph ratings Body width estimation |
|
|
|
Describe Silhouette Figure Ratings
|
Measure the degree of satisfaction with one’s bodily appearance
“Self-ideal discrepancy” Subject provides two ratings: actual body shape & ideal body shape |
|
|
|
Describe Body Image Questionnaires
|
Many questionnaires exist.
Independent scales -Body Attitude Scale Subscales -Body Dissatisfaction Scale of the Eating Disorders Inventory |
|
|
|
What are psychophysical ratings?
|
Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)
Two RPE scales: 6-20 scale (linear) 0-10 scale (nonlinear) |
|
|
|
What do you use an RPE for?
|
Can be used for exercise testing, or for prescription, or for rating work difficulty-injury prevention during strenuous work
|
|
