Mental Health

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Willfully or voluntarily putting an unacceptable though or feeling out of one's mind with the ability to recall the thought or feeling at will

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Suppression

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The ability to adapt and cope which helps people to face tragedies, loss, trauma, and severe stress

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Resilience

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A clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome marked by the patient's distress, disability, or risk of suffering disability or loss of freedom

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Mental Illness

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A state of well-being in which each individual is able to realize his or her own potential, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and make a contribution to the community

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Mental health

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Unable to recall painful or unpleasant thoughts or feeling because they are automatically and involuntarily pushed into one's unconsciousness

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Repression

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used unconsciously to justify ideas, actions, or feeling with good, acceptable reasons or explanations

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Rationalization

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Referred to as the "imitator". Unconsciously, used to identify with the personality and traits of another

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Identification

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Act of making up for real or imagined inability or deficiency with a specific behaviour to maintain self-respect or self-esteem

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Compensation

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Unacceptable feelings or behaviours are kept out of the awareness by developing the opposite behaviour or emotion

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Reaction-Formation

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A mechanism that serves to transfer feelings such as frustration, hostility, or anxiety from one idea, person, or object to another

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Displacement

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Makes up for an act or communication (to reduce or alleviate feelings of guilt)

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Undoing

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What defense mechanism?

Person unconsciously rejects emotionally unacceptable personal features and attributes them to other people, objects, or situations

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Projection

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Retreating to past levels of behavior that reduce anxiety, allow one to feel more comfortable, and permit dependency

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Regression

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The unconscious process of substituting constructive and socially acceptable activity for strong impulses that are not acceptable

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Sublimation

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What defense mechanism?

Involves escaping unpleasant realities by ignoring their existence

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Denial

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Attributing to oneself the good qualities of another; symbolically taking on the character trait of another person by "ingesting" the philosophy, ideas, knowledge, customs, or attitudes of that person

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Introjection

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Imagined events or mental images (e.g daydreaming) to express unconscious conflicts, gratify unconscious wishes, or prepare for anticipated events

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Fantasy

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What defense mechanism?

"I'd rather not talk about it right now"

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Suppression

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Psychological or physical stimuli that are incompatible with current functioning and require adaptation

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Stressor

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The body's way of preparing for a situation an individual perceives as a threat to survival

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Fight-or-flight response

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a negative, draining energy that results in anxiety, depression, confusion, helplessness, hopelessness, and fatigue

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Distress

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A positive, beneficial energy that motivates and results in feelings of happiness, hopefulness, and purposeful movement

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Eustress

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environmental conditions (trauma and excessive cold or heat)

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Physical stressors

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divorce, loss of a job, unmanageable debt, the death of a loved one, retirement, and fear of a terrorist attack, as well as changes we might consider positive, such as marriage, the arrival of a new baby, or unexpected success

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Psychological stressors

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a universal human experience and is the most basic of emotions, defined as a feeling of apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or dread resulting from a real or perceived threat

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Anxiety

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A reaction to a specific danger

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Fear

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A health reaction necessary for survival

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Normal anxiety

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Occurs in the normal experience of everyday living, allows an individual to perceive reality in sharp focus. See, hear, and grasp more information, and problem solving becomes more effective

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Mild anxiety

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second level of anxiety, results in selective inattention and some diminished thinking, although learning and problem solving can still occur

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Moderate anxiety

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third level of anxiety, focus on one particular detail or many scattered details and have difficulty noticing what is going on in the environment, learning and problem solving are not possible

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severe anxiety

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The most extreme level of anxiety, someone in this state is unable to process what is going on in the environment and may lose touch with reality, hallucinations, or false sensory perceptions may be experienced

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Panic

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a pervasive and sustained emotion that, when extreme, can markedly color the way the individual perceives the world (subjective)

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mood

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the external manifestation of feeling or emotion which is manifested in facial expression, tone of voice, and body language (objective)

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affect

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Mood disorders that include one or more manic episodes and usually one or more depressive episodes

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Bipolar Disorders

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A form of bipolar disorder in which at least one episode of mania alternates with major depression. This effects more men

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bipolar I

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A form of bipolar disorder in which hypomanic episodes alternate with major depression. This effects more women

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Bipolar II

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Diagnosis is made of this when the person has a loss of interest in life and a depressed mood that moves from mild to severe (with severe phase lasting a least 2 weeks).

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Major depression

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S/S

slow mentally
slow physically
dark and gloomy mood
worthless and helpless feeling
sunk to low ebb
no energy

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depression

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S/S
Racing thoughts
can't sit still
bright and cheerful
superior and capable of doing anything
flying high

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mania

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a nearly continuous flow of accelerated speech with abrupt changes from topic to topic that are usually based on understandable associations or plays on word

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flight of ideas

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S/S schizophrenia-

stringing together of words because of their rhyming sounds, without regard to their meaning

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clang associations

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a group of mental disorders characterized by severe disturbance of thought and associative looseness, impaired reality testing (hallucinations, delusions), and limited socialization

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schizophrenia

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fundamental signs of schizophrenia (the 4 A's)

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1. affect
2. Associative looseness
3. Autism
4. Ambivalence

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What phase of schizophrenia?

onset or exacerbation of florid, disruptive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, apathy, withdrawal) with resultant loss of functional abilities; increased care or hospitalization may be required

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Acute

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schizophrenia-
the onset of symptoms or forewarning symptoms may appear a month to a year before the first psychotic break or full-blown manifestations of the illness

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prodromal stage

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S/S schizophrenia-

a sense perception (seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling, or touching) for which no external stimulus exists (hearing voices when none are present)

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hallucination

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S/S schizophrenia-

an error in the perception of a sensory stimulus. (a person may mistake polka dots on a pillow for hairy spider)

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illusion

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S/S schizophrenia-

a false belief held to be true even with evidence to the contrary (the false belief that one is being singled out for harm by others)

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delusion

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S/S schizophrenia-

thinking grounded in immediate experience rather than abstraction. There is an overemphasis on specific detail as opposed to general and abstract concepts

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concrete thinking

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S/S schizophrenia-

a word a person makes up that has meaning only for that person; often part of a delusional system

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neologism

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S/S schizophrenia-

repeating of the last words spoken by another; mimicry or imitation of the speech of another person

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echolalia

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S/S schizophrenia-

a mixture of words meaningless to the listener and to the speaker as well

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word salad

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S/S schizophrenia-

the false perception by a person that his or her environment has changed. (everything seems bigger or smaller, or familiar objects appear strange and unfamiliar

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derealization

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S/S schizophrenia-

a phenomenon whereby a person experiences a sense of unreality of or estrangement from the self (one may feel that limbs or extremities have changed, that one is seeing self and events from a distance, or that one is in a dream)

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depersonalization

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the presence of something that is not normally present (hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, paranoia)

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positive symptoms

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the absence of something that should be present but is not (apathy, lack of motivation, anhedonia, and poor thought processes)

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negative symptoms

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abnormalities in how a person thinks

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cognitive symptoms

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symptoms involving emotions and their expressions

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affective symptoms

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S/S schizophrenia-

the mimicking of movements of another

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echopraxia

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S/S schizophrenia-

"voices" that direct the person to take an action

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command hallucinations

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S/S schizophrenia-

an impaired ability to sense where one's body ends and others' bodies begin

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boundary impairment

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S/S schizophrenia-

a pronounced increase or decrease in the rate and amount of movement; the most common form is stuporous behavior in which the person moves little or not at all

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catatonia

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S/S schizophrenia-

repeated motor behaviors that do not presently serve a logical purpose (sweeping all day)

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stereotyped behaviors

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S/S schizophrenia-
the performance by a catatonic patient of all simple commands in a robot-like fashion

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automatic obedience

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S/S schizophrenia-

the extended maintenance of posture, usually seen in catatonia (the nurse raises the patient's arm, and the patient continues to hold this position in a statue-like manner

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waxy flexibility

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S/S schizophrenia-

akin to resistance but may not be intentional (active the patient does the opposite of what he or she is told to do; passive is a failure to do what is requested)

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negativism

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a state characterized by the presence of intense and strongly defended irrational suspicions. These ideas cannot be corrected by experience and cannot be modified by facts or reality

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paranoia

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people with this type of schizophrenia are usually frightened and may behave defensively. they have difficulty trusting those around them, guarded, tense, and reserved, may adopt a superior, aloof, hostile, or sarcastic attitude, disparaging and dwelling on the shortcomings of others to maintain their self-esteem

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paranoid

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people with this type of schizophrenia usually talk or should continually and incoherently, highly disturbed movements of actions, extreme excitement, hyperactivity then motionless

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catatonia

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people with this type of schizophrenia are the most regressed an socially impaired, marked associative looseness, grossly inappropriate affect, bizarre mannerisms, and incoherence of speech and may display extreme social withdrawal, giggling or grimacing at the odd moments

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disorganized

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psychiatric disorders that are manifested in deficits in memory, perception, and problem-solving

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cognitive disorders

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an acute, usually reversible alteration in consciousness typically accompanied by disturbances in thinking, memory, attention, and perception

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delirium

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What are the 4 cardinal features of delirium?

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1. Acute onset and fluctuating course
2. inattention
3. disorganized thinking
4. disturbance of consciousness

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a progressive and usually irreversible deterioration of cognitive and intellectual functions and memory without impairment in consciousness

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dementia

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a primary cognitive impairment disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning, with the end result that the person may not recognize once-familiar people, places, and things. The ability to walk and talk is absent in the final stages

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Alzheimer's disease

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the creation of stories or answers in place of actual memories to maintain self-esteem

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confabulation

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the repetition of phrases or behavior

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perseveration

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loss of language ability

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aphasia

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loss of purposeful movement in the absence of motor or sensory impairment

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apraxia

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loss of sensory ability to recognize objects

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agnosia

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inability to read or write

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agraphia

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the need to taste, chew, and put everything in one's mouth

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hyperorality

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touching everything in site

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hypermetamorphosis

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a behavioral disorder usually manifested before the age of 7 years that includes overactivity, chronic inattention, and difficulty dealing with multiple stimuli

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ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

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the style of behavior a child habitually uses to cope with the demands and expectations of the environment

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temperament

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a psychiatric disorder characterized by a recurrent pattern of negativistic, disobedient, hostile, defiant behavior toward authority figures, without going so far as to seriously violate the basic rights of others

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oppositional defiant disorder

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a psychiatric disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of behavior in which the rights of others are violated an age-appropriate societal norms or rules are disregarded

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conduct disorder

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Kubler-Ross phases of grieving

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1. denial
2. anger
3. bargaining
4. depression
5. acceptance

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What are the 4 gifts of Resolving relationships?

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1. forgiveness
2. love
3. gratitude
4. farewell

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Automatic coping styles that protect people from anxiety and maintain self-image by blocking feelings, conflicts, and memories

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defense mechanisms

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a sudden onset of extreme apprehension or fear, usually associated with feelings of impending doom

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panic attack

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the intense, excessive anxiety or fear about being in places or situations from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing or in which help might not be available if a panic attack occurred

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agoraphobia

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a disorder characterized by severe anxiety or fear provoked by exposure to a social or performance situation

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social phobia

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thoughts, impulses, or images that persist and recur, so that they cannot be dismissed from the mind

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obsessions

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ritualistic behaviors and individual feels driven to perform in an attempt to reduce anxiety

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compulsions

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a disorder characterized by excessive anxiety or worry about numerous things, lasting for 6 months or longer

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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a disorder characterized by persistent reexperiencing of a highly traumatic event that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others, to which the individual responded with intense fear, helplessness, or horror

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posttraumatic stress disorder

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a disorder that occurs within 1 month after exposure to a highly traumatic event

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Acute stress disorder

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a mood disorder in which the patient presents with a history of one or more major depressive episodes and no history of manic or hypomanic episodes

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Major depressive disorder

Front 100

MDD subtype:

the presence of disorganized thinking, delusions, or hallucinations

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psychotic features

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MDD subtype:

outdated term indicates a severe form of endogenous depression characterized by severe apathy, weight loss, profound guilt, symptoms that are worse in the morning, early morning awakening, and often suicidal ideations

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melancholic features

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MDD subtype:

people who have dominant vegetative symptoms. Onset is younger, psychomotor activities are slow, and anxiety is often an accompanying problem, which may cause misdiagnosis.

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atypical features

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MDD subtype:

marked by nonresponsiveness, extreme psychomotor retardation, withdrawal, an negativity

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catatonic features

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MDD subtype:

indicated onset within 4 weeks after childbirth

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postpartum onset

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MDD subtype:

episodes mostly begin in fall or winter and remit in spring

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seasonal features

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a disorder that is characterized by a chronic depressive syndrome that is usually present for most of the day, more days than not, for at least 2 years

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dysthymic disorder

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What type of medication is the first line therapy for most types of depression?

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SSRIs

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the ultimate act of self-destruction in which a person purposefully ends his or her own life

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suicide

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thoughts a person has regarding killing himself or herself

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suicidal ideation

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a written contract in which the patient agrees not to harm himself or herself but to take an alternative action if feeling suicidal

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no-suicide contract