Mental Disorders

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Statistical Rariety

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Many mental disorders are uncommon in the population.

Not all rare disorders are pathological and many are common.

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Subjective Distress

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Many mental disorders produce emotional pain.
Not all psychological disorders produce distress.

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Impairment

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More mental disordxers interfere with people's ability to function in everyday life.

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Societal Disapproval

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Thomas Szasz said mental disorders are nothing more that what society dislikes

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Biological Disfunction

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Mental disorders recult from breakdowns or failures of our physiological systems.

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Demonic Model (1st)

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view of mental illness in which odd behavior, hearing voices, or talking to one self was attributed to evil spirits infesting the body

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Medical Model (2nd)

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perception that reguarded mental illness as due to physical disorder requiring medical treatment

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Asylums

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Institutions fo the mentally ill.

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Moral treatment

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approach to mental illness calling for dignity, kindness, and respect for the mentally ill.

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Deinstitutionalization

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1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on realasing hospitalized psychiatric paitents into the community and closing mental hospitals.

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Non-Western Cultures:
Asian Countries-Koro

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people who believe that their penis and testicles disapear into their abdomen. Triggers wide-spread panics

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Non-Western Cultures:
Malaysia, Phillipenes-Amok

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"Going wild", intense sadness and uncontrolled behavior

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Western Cultures:
Bulima nervosa

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patterns of binging and throwing up.

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Western Cultures:
Anorexia

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Excessive weight loss and absence of eating

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Interrator reliability

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the extent to which different raters agreee on paitients diagnoses

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Four major mental disorders

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Schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders and alcoholism.

Correlations between raters of .8/1.0

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Labeling theorists

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psychiatric diagnoses exert powerful negative effects on people's perceptions and behaviors.

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Anxiety Disorders

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Most prevalent of all disorders

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somatoform disorders

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people experience physical symptoms that suggect an underlying medical illness, but are actually psychological orgin.

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hypochondriasis

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A type of somatoform disorder- people who are continually preocupied with the idea that they're suffering from a serious physical disease.

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Panic attack

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Nervous feelings build up to a freak out.
Last less than 10 min includes sweating, pounding of heart, shortness of breath.

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Panic disorder

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repeated and unexpected panic attacks along with either persistent concerns about future attacks or a change in personal behavior in attempt to avoid them.

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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Continual feelings of worry, anxiety, physical tension, and irritability across may areas of life functioning.

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Phobia

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An intense fear of an object or situation that's greatly out of proportion to its actual threat.
One in nine people.

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Agorophobia

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Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or embarassing.
Help in unavailable in the event of a panic attack

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Specific Phobias

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Fear that commonly arises in response to animals, insects, thunderstorms, water, elevators, and darkness.

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Social Phobia

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Fear of public appearances in which embarassment is possible

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(PTSD) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

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Marked emotional distubance after experiencing or witnessing a severely stressful event.

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Flashbacks

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Reoccurances in the mind of a previous event that caused PTSD.

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Obsessive-Compulsive disorder

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Condition marked by repeated and lengthy immersion in obsession and compulsions

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Obsessions

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Persistent ideas, thoughts, or impulses that are unwanted and inapropriate, causing marked distress

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Compulsions

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Repetitive behaviors or mental acts that they initiate to reduce or prevent obsession

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Major Depressive Mood

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State ibn which a person experiences a lingering depressed mood or dimished interest in pleasurable activities, symptoms of weight loss and loss of sleep

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Cognitive model of depression

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theory that depression is caused by negative beliefs and expectations

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learned helplessness

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tendensy to feel helpless in the face of events we can't control

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Manic episode

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experience marked by dramatically elevated mood, decreased need for sleep, increased energy, inflated self-esteem, increases talkativeness, and irresponsible behavior

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Bipolar disorder

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condition makred by the history of at least one manic episode

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Dissasociative disorders

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contitions incolving disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception

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Depersonalization disorder

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Condition makred by multiple episodes of depersonalization

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Dissociative amnesia

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Inability to recall important personal imformation

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Dissociative fugue

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Sudden, unexpected travelt away from home or the workplace, accompanied by amnesia for significant life events.

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(DID) Dissociative identity disorder

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condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personalities state that recurrently take control of the person's behavior

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Schizophrenia

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severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

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Delusions

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strongly held, fixed beliefs that have no basis in reality

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psychotic symptoms

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psychological problems reflecting serious distortions in reality

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Hallucinations

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sensory perceptions that occur in the absense of an external stimulus

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Catatonic symptoms

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motor problems, including extreme resistance to complying with simple suggestions, holding the body in bizarre or rigid postures, or curling up in the fetal position.

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Diathesis-stress models

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perspective proposing the mental disorders are a joint product of a genetic vulnerability called diathesis and stressors that trigger vulnerability

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Personality Disorder

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Condition in which personalit traits appearing first in adolescense are infelxible, stable, expressed in a wide variety of situations, and lead to distress or impairment