Mental Disorders

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psychological disorder

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harmful dysfunction in which behavior is...atypical, disturbing, maladaptive, and unjustifiable

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medical model

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diseases have physical causes
diseases can be diagnosed, treated, and usually cured
mental illness can be diagnosed on basis of symptoms and cured through therapy

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Biopsychosocial model

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assumes that these three factors combine to create psychological disorders

Biological= genes and evolution
psychological= stress, trauma
socio-cultural=roles and expectations

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DSM-IV

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American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Used as a system of classification, not as a diagnosis

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neurotic disorders vs psychotic disorders

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usually distressing but that allows one to think rationally and function socially

vs

disorders that do effect rational thought and socially functioning

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anxiety disorder

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psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety, or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

continually tense and jittery, worried about bad things happening, agitation, sleeplessness

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobias

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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OCD

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an anxiety disorder characterized marked by unwanted repetitive thoughts(obsessions) and/or actions(compulsions)

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intern syndrome

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after learning about diseases/disorders, having the tendency to examine one's self and self diagnose ourselves

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OCD among children

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obsessions:
1)concern with dirt/germs
2)something terrible-fire/death
3)symmetry, order, exactness

compulsions:
1)excessive washing
2)repeating motions
3)checking doors/locks

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PET scan of brain with OCD

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lots of activity in frontal lobe(area involved with directing attention)

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mood disorder

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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mania

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a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which the person alternates btw the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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PET scans of bipolar disorder

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brain energy rises and falls btw mania and depression

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dissociative disorder

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities (multiple personality disorder)

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schizophrenia

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a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

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5 types of schizophrenia

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paranoid:preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations

disorganized: disorganized speech or behavior

catatonic: immobility, extreme negativism, parrotlike repeating

undifferentiated:symptoms from all 3

residual: withdrawal after delusions disappear

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PET scan of schizophrenia

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shows very large ventricles

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functions

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antisocial personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. May be aggressive, ruthless, or even a con artist

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PET scan antisocial personality disorder

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lack of activity in frontal cortex

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agoraphobia

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Agoraphobia is an anxiety disorder, often precipitated by the fear of having a panic attack in a setting from which there is no easy means of escape