Menstrual Cycle

Front 1

menarche

Back 1

onset of puberty

Front 2

menses begins when

Back 2

brain, ovaries and adrenal gland are mature & when they have enough body fat

Front 3

perimenopause

Back 3

around the time of menopause

Front 4

menopause

Back 4

no period for one full year

Front 5

menopause is diagnosed

Back 5

retrospectively

Front 6

in menopause ovaries are no longer producing

Back 6

estrogen or progesterone

Front 7

estrogen controls the development of which secondary sex characteristics

Back 7

breast development
growth of body hair
widening of the hips
deposit of fat in buttocks and mons pubis

Front 8

estrogen inhibits

Back 8

FSH production and stimulates LH production

Front 9

progesterone is secreted in the

Back 9

corpus luteum

Front 10

progesterone is found in greatest amount during the

Back 10

luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Front 11

progesterone causes the uterine endometrium to further increase

Back 11

glycogen
arterial blood
secretory glands
amino acids
water

Front 12

prostoglandins are

Back 12

oxygenated fatty acids that are produced by the cells of the endometrium

Front 13

prostoglandins E

Back 13

relaxes smooth muscle and is a potent vasodilator

Front 14

Prostoglandin F

Back 14

potent vasoconstrictor and increases the contractility of muscles and arteries

Front 15

The menstrual cycle is defined as

Back 15

periodic uterine bleeding that begins approximately 14 days after ovulation

Front 16

the three concurrent cycles happening during the menstrual cycle are

Back 16

hypothalamic pituitary
ovarian
endometrial

Front 17

during the hypothalamic pituitary cycle

Back 17

is a negative feedback cycle that stimulates ovaries

Front 18

during the ovarian cycle

Back 18

cyclic selection of a mature oocyte for ovulation

Front 19

during the endometrial cycle

Back 19

cyclic proliferation and shedding of functional layer of the endometrium

Front 20

What does GnRH do

Back 20

gonadotropin stimulating hormone
released from the hypothalamus
response to decreased estrogen and progesterone at the end of menstrual cycle
stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH/FSH

Front 21

What does FSH do

Back 21

follicle stimulating hormone
released from anterior pituitary
inhibited in the presence of estrogen

Front 22

What does LH do

Back 22

luteinizing hormone
released from anterior pituitary
biphasic response to estrogen

Front 23

what are the phases of the ovarian cycle

Back 23

follicular phase
luteal phase

Front 24

Follicular Phase

Back 24

Day 1- 14
one follicle is selected for ovulation
estrogen is the dominant hormone
length of follicular phase is variable

Front 25

Ovulation Phase

Back 25

estrogen from ovarian follicles stimulates LH surge
ovulation will occur 34-36 hours after this LH surge begins (10-12 hours after LH peak )

Front 26

what happens if you don't have an estrogen surge

Back 26

mid-cycle bleeding

Front 27

Luteal Phase

Back 27

Days 15-28
after ovulation, the follicle becomes the corpus luteum
progesterone is the dominant hormone of the luteal phase

Front 28

Phases of the Endometrial Cycle

Back 28

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase
ischemic phase

Front 29

Menstrual Phase

Back 29

days 1-5
shedding of the endometrium
levels of estrogen are low
estrogen withdraw triggers the endometrial shedding that is the menstrual flow

Front 30

Proliferative Phase

Back 30

Days 6-14
period of rapid endometrial thickening
restoration of endometrial surface

Front 31

Secretory Phase

Back 31

Days 15-26
endometrium edematous and vascular
glycogen is secreted to prepare for fertilized ovum

Front 32

Ischemic Phase

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days 26-28
levels of estrogen and progesterone fall rapidly
degeneration of corpus luteum

Front 33

what is the process of degeneration of the corpus luteum

Back 33

spiral arteries vasoconstrict and spasm
blood supply to the functional endometrium is blocked and necrosis develops
the functional layer separates from the basal layer
menstrual bleeding begins

Front 34

what are other cyclical changes that occur

Back 34

basal body temperature
cervical mucus thing and stretchable (spinnbarkheit)
unilateral lower abdominal pain that coincides with ovulation ( mittelschmirtz)

Front 35

what happens to basal body temperature prior to ovulation

Back 35

the basal body temperature gets lower

Front 36

what happens to basal body temperature after ovulation

Back 36

the basal body temperature elevates

Front 37

oligomenorrhea

Back 37

descreased menstruation

Front 38

menorrhagia

Back 38

excessive bleeding in either duration or amount

Front 39

metrorrhagia

Back 39

bleeding in between your normal cycle

Front 40

DUB- dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Back 40

irregular, usually excessive and associated with anovulation (without ovulation)

Front 41

amenorrhea

Back 41

absence or cessation of menstrual flow

Front 42

primary amenorrhea

Back 42

absence of menarche and primary secondary sex characteristics by age 14

absence of menarche regardless of secondary sex characteristics by age 16

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secondary amenorrhea

Back 43

a 6 month cessation of menses after a period of menstruation

Front 44

what are causes of amenorrhea

Back 44

pregnancy
various disease
medication
stress
eating disorder
strenuous exercise
hormonal contraceptives
menopause

Front 45

dysmenorrhea

Back 45

painful menstruation
affects 50-80% of women

primary
secondary

Front 46

primary dysmenorrhea

Back 46

associated with ovulatory cycles
pain occurs at the onset of menses
lasts from 8-48 hours
related to prostaglandins
-vasospasms, uterine contractons

Front 47

what are symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea

Back 47

backache
weakness, dizziness, syncope
sweating
GI upset, anorexia, diarhhea
nausea, vomiting
headache

Front 48

why do NSAIDS help with dysmenorrhea

Back 48

NSAIDs- interrupt the prostaglandins activity in the uterus

Front 49

Premenstrual syndrome

Back 49

physical and psychological symptoms beginning in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle

Front 50

Symptoms of PMS include

Back 50

water retention
behavioral or emotional changes
premenstrual cravings
headache
fatigue
backache

Front 51

Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Back 51

acquired menstrual pain developed late in life >25 years

Front 52

secondary dysmenhorrhea is associated with pelvic pathology including

Back 52

adenomyosis
endometriosis
PID
polyps
fibrosis

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adenomyosis

Back 53

thickening of the uterine lining

Front 54

endometriosis

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growth of the endometrial tissue outside the uterus

Front 55

endometriosis is characterized by

Back 55

secondary amenorrhea
dyspareunia
abnormal uterine bleeding
infetility

Front 56

dyspareunia

Back 56

painful intercourse

Front 57

endometriosis can be controlled with

Back 57

birth control
because it reduces endometrial growth, helps with hormones
in older women, a hysterectomy may be done

Front 58

uterine polyps

Back 58

tumors on stalks arising from mucosa
most common benign lesions of cervix and endometrium occurring in reproductive years

Front 59

polyps occurs on the

Back 59

endometrium
cervix

Front 60

send polyps to

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pathology to make sure they are benign

Front 61

Fibrosis

Back 61

benign tumors
slow growing
intramural
subserosal
submucosal
cervical
pedunculated

Front 62

most common begin tumors arise from

Back 62

mucosal tissue of the uterus

Front 63

benign tumors shrink

Back 63

after menopause because of drop in hormones