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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Selective Breeding
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Choosing and breeding specific organisms (animals, plants) for particular physical features or behaviors.
Example: Breeding specific types of dogs for specific qualities. --> Tea-cup Pomeranians, bull-mastiffs |
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What is True Breeding
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The processes of allowing specific plants to self-pollinate so that the following generation of plants all exhibit the same characteristics.
Example: Mendel allowing his plants to self pollinate to ensure that his plants all had the same characteristics |
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What is a monohybrid cross
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A cross between to plants (or organisms) that differ in only one trait.
Example: Crossing a plant with purple flowers with a plant with white flowers. |
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Dominant
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The trait that is 'expressed' (shown) when two different plants (organisms) are crossed
Example: Crossing a purple plant and white plant, and all their offspring 'expressing' purple colored plants. |
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Recessive
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The trait that is not 'expressed' (shown) when two different plants (organisms) are crossed.
Example: A purple plant crossed with a white plant and their offspring producing purple plants.... The white trait is there, but is considered recessive since it is not shown. |
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Complete Dominance
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A condition that completely takes over the presence of the recessive trait. A plant with both a recessive and dominant traits, will appear the same as a plant with two dominant traits.
Example: A plant that is the product of a purple and white plant crossing will look the same as a plant that is the product of two purple plants crossing. |
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Law of Segregation
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Mendels first law of Inheritance.
All plants (organisms) have two copies of each trait, one belonging to the mother and the other to the father. Theses traits seperate at random during gamete formation and each gamete receives one copy of every factor Example: The offspring of a purple plant and white plant breeding, will produce all purple plants. Then when these purple producing offspring self pollinate the outcome is purple and white flowers. |
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Genotype
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The combination of any given traits that differ in genes. (also known as alleles)
Example: A Purple Plant would have the Genotype PP or Pp |
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Phenotype
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The visible traits of a plant (organism)
Example: A purple plant would have the genotype RR and Rr and therefore the phenotype of a purple plant. |
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Homozygous
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An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait.
Example: A plant has the homozygous trait BB or bb. |
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Heterozygous
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An organism with two different alles for a trait.
Example: a plant has the heterozygous trait Bb. |
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Alleels
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The different forms of each gene that are produced when two plants (organisms) are crossed
Example: When a purple and white plant breed, the outcome is Pp. The purple is a dominant allele (P), and the white is a recessive allele (p). |
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Punnet Square
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A simple grid used to show all the possible outcomes of genetic crossings.
Example: Crossing a purple and white plant can produce via the punnett square the following possibilities: PP, Pp, Pp, pp |
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Test Cross
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The crossing of an organism of an UNKNOWN genotype with a homozygous recessive organism.
Used to determine the unknown genotype. Example: Crossing a mutated mouse known to have a balancing condition with a mouse of unknown genotype. |
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Dihybrid Cross
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Crossing two different organisms that differ in two traits.
Example: Crossing plants that are Tall with Green pods (TTGG) with plants that are Short with Yellow Pods. (ttgg) |
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Law of Independent Assortment
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The two alleles for one gene seperate independently of the alleles foe the other genes during gamete formation.
Example: When the two true breeding plants cross tall with green pods (TTGG) with short and yellow pods (ttgg) the outcome is (TtGg). When these (TtGg) true breeding plants cross the outcome was (TTGG, TTgg, Ttgg, ttGG) at a 9:3:3:1 ratio. |
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Incomplete Dominance
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A situation where neither allele can conceal the presence of the other.
Example: A true breeding Red plant crossing with a true breeding White plant, produce Pink Plants. |
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Co-Dominance
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A situation where both alleles are 'expressed' shown equally.
Example: A true breeding white cow crosses with a true breeding brown cow. The offspring expresses both white and brown hairs (White with Brown spots, or Brown with White spots) |
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Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
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Walter Suttons theory that Genes are carried on Chromosomes.
Example: The separation of homologous chromosomes, follow the same idea of the separation of alleles in gamete formation. His idea was that genes are therefore carried on chromosomes because of their separation in the stages of Meiosis I and Meiosis II |
