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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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genotype and phenotype-
genotype? alleles? dom? recessive? phenotype? |
genotype:
individual's genes alleles: alternate forms of a gene -dom=uppercase letters *homozygous dom=EE -recessive=lowercase letters *homozygous rec=ee -heterozygous=Ee/diff phenotype: individual's phy. appearance |
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the struc of DNA-
discovered when? what is it made of? what are "Rungs"? what are the four bases? what equals what? what kind of format? describe. |
discovered 1953
two sides made up of: phosphates and sugars "Rungs": made up of a 4 diff kinds of nitrogenous bases -Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine A=T G=C "Double helix" format: twisted ladder |
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how does the DNA code for proteins-
particular sequence of? the four nucleotides (AGCT) code for what? what are the smallest units that can code for amino acids? proteins are made of? what determines protein struc.? this determines what? what is a gene? |
3 bases
(bases triplet) codes 1 amino acid=codon 20 amino acids triplets of nucleotides bases (A-G-C) amino acids amino acid seq/protein func. string of codons -specifies the entire amino acid seq of protein |
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how does info flow from genes to proteins-
to get from DNA written in one language(_______) to protein written in a diff language(__________)... what is the first step? describe. what is RNA? what occurs? where? |
-nucleotides bases
-amino acids transcription: transfer of genetic info from DNA into RNA RNA is the bridge btwn DNA and protein synthesis info is copied from DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) occurs in nucleus |
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translation-
what occurs? what does the cell do? where? what does a protein =? |
change in the language
the cell translates the base sequence of mRNA -into the amino acid seq of polypeptide -occurs on ribosomes -tRNA -amino acid chain=protein |
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genes-
what is a gene code for? what are alleles? ex? many what are carried where? |
a trait:
hair, color, eye color, etc. diff variations of a gene blue, grn, brwn eyes alleles for eye color many genes are carried on each chrom Dom genes=CAP Letters Recessive genes=LOWER Letters |
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chromosomes-
what are they? what are in each chrom? full set=? half set? chroms come in what? are? diploid# for human body cells? haploid# for human sex cells? |
constructed of tightly compacted DNA strands
mult. genes full set=diploid=2n half set=haploid=n chroms come in pairs homologous diploid #=46 haploid #=23 |
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other DNA factoids-
not all what makes up the genes? what percentage of what for proteins? there is a lot of "extra"DNA? |
not all the DNA in chroms
makes up the genes only 1.5% of all DNA codes for proteins "junk" DNA |
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"Junk DNA"-
what percent of what is junk DNA exist, why? name the possibilities? |
98.5% of the human genome
poss #1: energy to maintain less than the risk of potential damage to functioning genes if it were removed Poss#2: might be reservior of DNA to build useful genes in future poss#3:extra segments of DNA that might have evolved ways to prevent themselves from being removed |
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Law of Dominance-
what is it? offspring? |
in a cross of parents
-that are pure for contrasting traits -only one form of the trait will appear in the nxt gener. all offspring will be heter. -express dom trait |
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Law of Segregation-
what happens? |
during the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm)
-the two alleles responsible for a trait spe from each other -alleles for a trait *"recombined" at fertilization *producing the genotype for the traits of the offsprg |
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parent 1?
parent 2? |
homologous chroms
replication in interphase meiosis-seg alleles into gametes gametes fertilization offspring meiosis |
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law of indep assortment-
what is it? use? |
alleles for diff traits are distrib. to sex cells
(and offspring) dihybrid crosses |
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indep assortment of two traits-
ex? |
heter. peas are round and yellow
-to wrinkle/green |
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dihybrid cross-
define. Mendel's what? what occurs? |
breeding exprt that tracks the inheritance of two traits
Mendel's "Law of Indep Assortment" each pair of alleles segregates independently -during gamete formation |
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Punnett Square-
what is it? |
allows geneticists to predict the poss. genotypes and phenotypes
-of offspring |
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inheritance of genes on autosomes-
exs of autosomal recessive? |
cystic fibrosis
phenylketonuria(PKU): -resulting from the abnormal buildup of phenylalanine -due to the lack of an enzyme *that normally breaks it down Tays-Sachs disease: -affects primarily infants -lack of an enzyme *to break dwn lipids in the brain |
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pedigrees-
types? |
autosomal recessive/
dom-always passed |
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sex-liked traits-
what are they? location? what are the sex chroms? genotype for females? males? carried on what? |
traits(genes)
located on the sex chromosomes X and Y XX genotype for females XY genotype for males carried on X chromosome |
