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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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STM
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Your memory for immediate events. Lasts a very short time unless elaboratively rehearsed. (e.g 20 seconds)
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LTM
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Your memory for events in the past. Lasts for an unlimited amount of time if retrieved.
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Duration
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a measure of how long a memory lasts for.
STM- Limited LTM- unlimited |
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Capacity
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a measure of how much a memory can store.
STM- 7+/-2 Digits LTM- unlimited |
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Encoding
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The way information is changed to that it can be stored in your memory.
STM- Acoustically LTM- Semantically |
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Chunking
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separating into groups to remember information more easily. (e.g 100000 = 100,000)
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Sensory memory
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information collected by your ears, eyes, nose and fingers. However the duration of these are not very long (e.g half a second)
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Central executive
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Monitors and Coordinates all other mental functions in working memory.
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Phonological loop
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encodes speech sounds in working memory. (involves maintenance rehearsal)
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Visuo-spatial sketchpad
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encodes visual information in working memory. (picture the place in your head)
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Episodic buffer
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encodes all other information into episodes in your life.
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Word length effect
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observation- remember short words better than long ones.
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Name the 3 stores in the MSM
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sensory memory
short term memory long term memory |
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How does info get from the sensory store to STM in the MSM?
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attention
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What is the duration of LTM?
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potentially unlimited
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What is the duration of STM?
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approx. up to 20 seconds
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What is the capacity of LTM?
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potentially unlimited
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What is the capacity of STM?
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7 (+/-) 2 digits
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How are STM and LTM encoded?
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STM- acoustically
LTM- semantically |
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What is the evidence to show how STM and LTM are encoded?
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Baddeley(1966)- tested the effects of semantic and acoustic similarity on short and long term recall. he found that it was difficult to remember acoustically similar words in STM and semantically similar words in LTM. This then meant that information in STM generally encodes acoustically and in LTM, it encodes semantically.
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What evidence shows the capacity of STM?
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Joseph Jacobs(1887) found that the average span of digits was 9.3 items while it was 7.3 letters.
this led to later research... George Miller(1956) the magic number which suggested the capacity was 7(+/-)2 and we need to chunk things together. |
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What evidence shows the capacity of LTM?
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Potentially unlimited because we do not know the capacity for LTM
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What evidence shows the duration of STM?
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peterson and peterson(1959)-
conducted an experiment asking students to remember a 3syllable (nonsense syllable) and then a number, they were then asked to count backwards in 3's or 4's to prevent rehearsing. then asked to repeat the nonsense syllable. they found that after a short period of time 90% remembered it, whereas after 20 seconds only 2% did. meaning that the duration is 20 seconds at most. |
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What evidence shows the duration of LTM?
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shepard(1967) conducted an experiment asking people to remember pictures, he found out that the more meaningful the pictures the more they could be remembered. However could not determine a figure therefore the duration is potentially unlimited.
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Explain Simon's evidence about the size of chunks
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Simon(1974) suggested that the size of the chunk matters, it is more difficult to remember 8 word phrases than one-syllable words.
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What was wrong with HM?
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scoville and Milner (1957)
HM had an operation to remove his hipocampus(where the LTM is loacated) his personality and intellect remained however he could not remember things after the surgery. This suggests that the hippocampus could be the gateway to remembering new things. |
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What was wrong with KF?
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KF suffered brain damage which resulted in difficulty dealing with verbal info. however could deal perfectly with visual info. this suggests there is more than one store for the STM.
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How does info get from STM to LTM?
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Through elaborative rehearsal.
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How does info stay in STM?
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through maintenance rehearsal.
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Name the two difference types of rehearsal
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maintenance
elaborative |
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What is the difference between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?
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mainentance means you keep repeating, whereas elaborative is where you repeat whilst it having a meaning and connection to your own life.
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Explain the brain scanning evidence for existence of STM and LTM
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FMRI and PET scans are able to take pictures of the brain to see which parts of it we are using when doing certain tasks. this suggests that STM is located in the pre-frontal lobe and the LTM is located in the hippocampus.
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What is the evidence to suggest the existance of a sensory store?
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sperling(1960) gave participants a blink of an eye to memorise some data, they were then asked to either write down all 12 items or would hear a tone after exposure and then just write down that row, more items were remembered when asked to do the row so he found out that information decays rapidly in the sensory store
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Explain the serial position effect
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Glazer and Cunitz(1966) suggested that if you gave participants a list of around 20 words, they could remember the start (primacy effect) and e
the end (recency effect) but were less good at the words in the middle - this is because the primacy is rehearsed the most and the recency are still in your STM. |
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What four areas of LTM were proposed by Schachter?
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Schachter(2000) suggested there are four long term memory stores.
-semantic memory -episodic memory -procedural memory -perceptual-representation system |
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How do the cases of Jon and Beth support Schachter four parts of LTM? (Not in the book!)
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?
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How does the case of KF go against the MSM?
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KF suggests there is more than one store for long term memory, and the MSM suggests there is only one, which is very brief.
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Semantic memory
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Memory for knowlegde about the world (factual).
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Episodic memory
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Memory for the episodes in your life. (experiences)
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Procedural memory
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Memory for riding a bike, or learning how to read.
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Perceptual-representation system
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memory to recognise words and phrases you have heard before.
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What did Spiers find about amnesia patients?
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that their procedural and perceptual representation systems were intact however the others were not, this supports schachter and his theory of the four separate stores.
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How did Logie use chunking to criticise the MSM?
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Logie(1999) suggested that STM actually relies on LTM, therefore cannot be placed before. His research included chunking and the fact we need to know what the letters mean(info from the LTM) before we can start to memorise them.
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How did Ruchin use brain scanning and nonsense words to criticise the MSM?
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Ruchin(2003) used scanning too see which part of the brain was being used when nonsense words and actual words were spoken. when the real words were spoken different areas of the brain are working suggesting that STM is just part of LTM.
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Explain how counting the windows in your house silently and from memory utilises parts of the WMM
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counting the number of windows silently from memory uses your:
-visuo-spacial sketchpad (puts an image of your house in your head) -phonological loop (can hear yourself counting the windows) |
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How did Baddeley and Hitch show that the phonological loop and the visual-spatial sketchpad were separate?
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Baddely and Hitch(1976) asked participants to do two separate tasks at the same time. task1 was involving the central executive Task2 involved using either the articulatory loop, central executive or nothing.
He found that being asked to use the central executive at the same time was difficult wheras the central executive and either the articulatory loop or nothing were not so difficult, this suggests that using the sane part of your brain twice at the same time is alot more difficult |
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What are the two parts of the phonological loop?
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phonological store
articulatory process |
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Phonological store
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holds the words you hear, like an inner ear.
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Articulatory process
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holds the words you see, like an inner voice.
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What's the technical name for the inner ear?
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Phonological store
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What's the technical name for the inner voice?
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Articulatory process
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How did Bunge use brain scanning to support the existence of the central executive?
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Bunge(2000) used FMRI scans, he found out that the same parts of the brain were lighting up when doing single and dual tasks. This means that the same parts of the brain are being used constantly to send messages and signals to the other parts.
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What does the word-length effect show about the phonological store?
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the phonological loop can only hold words that are up to 2 seconds long, therefore the longer words make it more difficult to remember, this is a reason to how the word-lenght effect works.
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What is Baddeley's evidence for the existence of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
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baddeley(1975) conducted an experiment giving participants two tasks to complete at the same time, one tracking task and the other either to describe all the angles on the letter F or a verbal task. Participants found it more difficult to perform two visual tasks at the same time.
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What is Baddeley's evidence for the existence of the episodic buffer?
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Baddeley(1987) when participants were shown information and asked for immediate recall, their performance was much better. This suggests there is another store for memory.
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What evidence doesn't support the central executive as a unitary component of memory?
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Damasio(1985) had a cerebral tumour removed suggested that the central executive os unsatisfactory because it fails to explain anything and only part of his exectutive was intact.
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What is the problem of using brain-damaged patients as evidence?
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there are vadility, reliability and bias problems!!
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