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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name some cognitive functions
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Perception
Attention Memory Learning Language Decision-making Planning |
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Name the different types of memory:
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Short-term
Long-term Explicit- declarative Implicit- non-declarative |
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How large is the capacity of short term memory?
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7 items
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What parts of the brain are used in short term memory?
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perfrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex
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Where are long term memories stored?
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Distributed across cerebral cortex / degrades gracefully
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What part of the brain is used to store new memories?
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medial temporal lobe including the hippocampus
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Implicit memory impaired in amnesia- true or flase
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false
Explicit memory is impaired |
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What is explicit memory?
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Facts and events
Requires cognitive effort and attention Can be learned fast (single trial) Phylogenetically recent Ontologically late Accessible to conscious recall |
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What is implicit memory?
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Skills and procedures
Learned without paying attention Learned incrementally with practice Phylogenetically primitive Ontogenetically early Inaccessible to conscious recall |
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Define Anterograde Amnesia and where a lesion would occur to cause it:
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Impairs new Declarative Memory
Medial Temporal Lobe |
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Define Retrograde Amnesia and where a lesion would occur to cause it:
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Affects Stored Declarative Memory
Most recently stored memories most vulnerable Cortical and/or white matter damage |
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Define Short term memory impairment and where a lesion would occur to cause it:
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Difficulty maintaining train of thought
Prefrontal cortex / Fronto-parietal connections |
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Define Multiple Memory Systems Impairment and where a lesion would occur to cause it:
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Alzheimer’s Disease
Eventually affects both declarative, non-declarative memory |
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Recent memories are stored in what location and by what mechanism?
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Medial temporal lobe
Protein synthesis, phosphorylation. |
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inability to recognize specific stimuli is called
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Agnosia
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Describe the path that nerve impulses travel through the local hippocampal loop:
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Nerve in entero rhinal cortex
Crosses through the cortex and synapses in the dentate gyrus Dentate to the hippocampus (called mossy fibers) Fibers from the hippocampus to the fornix (axon when in the hippocampus is called the fimbria) it puts off a collateral branch that synapses on the C1 The C1 goes back to the entero rhinal cortex This is a way to provide feedback – control system |
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Damage to the Loop of Papez results in what type of amnesia?
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Anterograde
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Describe the Loop of Papez
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Fornix travels around the cortex and synapses on the mammillary bodies- damage to these can cause anterograde amnesia too
The mammillary bodies project to the anterior thalamic nucleus ATL projects back to the entorhinal cortex |
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What are the imputs to the hippocampus?
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the cortex via the entorhinal cortex
the basal forebrain- the septal nuclei provide ACh needed for memory- lost in Alzheimer's Diffusely projecting systems including dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin |
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What are the outputs of the hippocampus?
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via fornix:
to mammillary bodies to septum- for cholinergic support to thalamus Directly to: entrorhinal cortex amygdala basal forebrain nucleus accumbens |
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How does association of memory occur?
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Postsynaptic neuron must be already activated when a presynaptic input arrives.
The two inputs are then “associated” Long Term Potentiation of Synapse = Synapse Strengthened |
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What is the name fore the endocrine/autonomic loop of the amygdala?
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Stria Terminalis
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Name the loops of the amygdala
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Emotional
Endocrine/autonomic Olfactory |
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What are the projections of the amygdala?
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Emotional Memory Pathway
Orbitofrontal cortex Nucleus Accumbens Temporal lobe Endocrine / Autocrine Hypothalamus Brainstem autonomic nuclei Diffuse systems Olfaction Olfactory structures Hypothalamus Thalamus |
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The amygdala attaches emotions to stimuli
T or F |
True
Emotions have two components Conscious awareness Feelings or emotional state Bodily state (physiological response) Memory storage more effective when associated with emotion |
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Lesions of the amygdala result in:
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Inability to recognize emotion from facial expressions
Tame, placid behavior Friendly, overly trusting of others |
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Name the two major limbic circuits and how they work
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The Hippocampal circuit
Fornix Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex The hippocampus is involved in declarative (explicit) memory and learning The Amygdala circuit Stria Terminalis Mediodorsal Nucleus of the Thalamus Orbital and Medial Prefrontal Cortex The amygdala is involved in emotional memory and learning |
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What are aphasias?
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Language is a prototypical
cognitive function because language processing is: - localized - distributed - hierarchical - parallel Aphasias are language deficits resulting from brain damage Aphasias are diagnosed according to the patient’s ability to express language |
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What does the right hemisphere do to language?
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does the emotional content of words like the intonation and inflection
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Wernicke's area is stimulated by many different things that allow for the comprehension of language including:
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somatic interpretive areas, auditory interpretive areas, and visual interpertive areas
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What are the three aspects used to differentiate different aphasias?
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fluent
comprehension repeat |
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What are the most common ways to cause aphasia?
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stroke the the superior MCA for Broca's and inferior MCA for Wernicke's
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Is dyslexia a language deficit?
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no it is a learning disorder that is linked to no structural abnormality and can be corrected
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What are the behavioral consequences of attention?
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Enhances detection & recognition
Speeds reaction time Gateway to memory |
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What are the neural substrates for attention?
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Posterior Parietal Cortex
Prefrontal cortex Subcortical structures Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus Superior Colliculus |
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Which lobe is dominant for spatial attention?
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Right parietal lobe
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What is the difference in fast and slow neurotransmitters?
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Fast transmitters
carry specific information receptors part of ion channel GABA Glutamate Slow Transmitters modulate information work through second messengers Dopamine Serotonin |
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What regulates arousal and attention?
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the Diffusely projecting systems
Widespread projections from a single nucleus Do not respect cytoarchitectonic or functional boundaries Slow transmitters (neuromodulators) Regulate “states” rather than transmit specific information |
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Describe Broca's Aphasia
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Broca’s = no speech can comprehend cannot repeat word when you say it
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What is an important distinguishing factor of a transcortical aphasia?
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Repetition is intact
In transcortical motor aphasia they can repeat because wernicke’s and broca’s are connected so they can mimic but they cannot form words on their own without the higher cortical connection |
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Describe Wernicke's Aphasia
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Wernicke’s = speech no comprehension cannot repeat
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What is a conduction aphasia?
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Conduction aphasia = cannot repeat = broca’s and wenicke’s cannot take to eachother
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What is an anomic aphasia?
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Anomic aphasia- small lesion with small impairment – like comprehension of infrequent words
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Where are the projections of norepinephrine?
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Locus coeruleus
Diffuse terminal fields throughout forebrain Lateral tegmental area Subcortical structures |
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Where are the projections of acetylcholine?
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Basal Forebrain
Septal nuclei Diagonal band of Broca Nucleus Basalis (of Meynart) Pedunculopontine n. Dorsal tegmental n. |
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Where are the projections for dopamine?
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Sources
Ventral Tegmental Area Substantia nigra Targets (limited to few structures only) Frontal cortex Striatum Limbic system |
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Where are the projections for serotonin?
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Raphe nuclei
Midbrain raphe nuclei Pons raphe nuclei Medulla raphe nuclei |
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What are the functions associated with ACh, NE, 5-HT, and DA
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ACh- arousal, attention
DA- reward- schitzophrenia and parkinson's 5-HT- mood, depression NE- alertness, attention, aggression, depression |
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What does the Phineas Gage case show?
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The Classic Prefrontal Case for Higher Cognitive Functions
like judgement, foresight, perserverence, self-governance, curiosity, spontaneity, drive, abstract reasoning, planning, insight, and many more |
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What are some negative symptoms of Schizophrenia?
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Negative symptoms (absence of normal traits):
Affective and motivational deficits Emotional and social withdrawal Disorganized speech Anhedonia |
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What are some positive symptoms of Schitzophrenia?
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Positive symptoms (abnormal traits):
Delusions Hallucinations Thought disorders |
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What are some cognitive symptoms for Schitzophrenia?
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Cognitive symptoms
Distractibility / poor attention Working memory deficits Poor executive function (planning, organization) |
