Memory Bias List

Front 1

Choice-supportive bias

Back 1

remembering chosen options as having been better than rejected options (Mather, Shafir & Johnson, 2000).

Front 2

Change bias

Back 2

after an investment of effort in producing change, remembering one's past performance as more difficult than it actually was

Front 3

Childhood amnesia

Back 3

the retention of few memories from before the age of four.

Front 4

Consistency bias

Back 4

incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes and behaviour as resembling present attitudes and behaviour.

Front 5

Context effect

Back 5

that cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa).

Front 6

Cryptomnesia

Back 6

a form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.

Front 7

Egocentric bias

Back 7

recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g. remembering one's exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as being bigger than it really was.

Front 8

Fading affect bias

Back 8

a bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events

Front 9

Hindsight bias

Back 9

the inclination to see past events as being predictable; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.

Front 10

Humor effect:

Back 10

that humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.

Front 11

Generation effect (Self-generation effect)

Back 11

that self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others.

Front 12

Illusion-of-truth effect

Back 12

that people are more likely to identify as true statements those which they have previously heard (even if they cannot consciously remember having heard them), regardless of the actual validity of the statement. In other words, a person is more likely to believe a familiar statement than an unfamiliar one.

Front 13

Lag effect

Back 13

?

Front 14

Leveling and Sharpening

Back 14

memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or re-telling of a memory

Front 15

Levels-of-processing effect

Back 15

that different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness

Front 16

List-length effect

Back 16

?

Front 17

Misinformation effect

Back 17

that misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory.
Misattribution: when information is retained in memory but the source of the memory is forgotten. One of Schacter's (1999) Seven Sins of Memory, Misattribution was divided into Source Confusion, Cryptomnesia and False Recall/False Recognition

Front 18

Modality effect

Back 18

that memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received via writing.

Front 19

Mood congruent memory bias

Back 19

the improved recall of information congruent with one's current mood.

Front 20

Next-in-line effect

Back 20

that a person in a group has diminished recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or after this person.

Front 21

Osborn effect

Back 21

that being intoxicated with a mind-altering substance makes it harder to retrieve motor patterns from the Basal Ganglion.

Front 22

Part-list cueing effect

Back 22

that being shown some items from a list makes it harder to retrieve the other items

Front 23

Peak-end effect

Back 23

that people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g. pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.

Front 24

Persistence

Back 24

the unwanted recurrence of memories of a traumatic event.

Front 25

Picture superiority effect:

Back 25

that concepts are much more likely to be remembered

Front 26

Positivity effect

Back 26

that older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories.

Front 27

Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect

Back 27

that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered

Front 28

Primacy effect, Recency effect & Serial position effect

Back 28

that items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered

Front 29

Processing difficulty effect

Back 29

?

Front 30

Reminiscence bump

Back 30

the recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods

Front 31

Rosy retrospection

Back 31

the remembering of the past as having been better than it really was.

Front 32

Self-relevance effect

Back 32

that memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others.

Front 33

Source Confusion

Back 33

misattributing the source of a memory, e.g. misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it was seen on television.

Front 34

Spacing effect

Back 34

that information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time.

Front 35

Stereotypical bias

Back 35

memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g. racial or gender), e.g. "black-sounding" names being misremembered as names of criminals[1]

Front 36

Suffix effect

Back 36

the weakening of the recency effect in the case that an item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall (Morton, Crowder & Prussin, 1971).

Front 37

Suggestibility

Back 37

a form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.

Front 38

Telescoping effect

Back 38

the tendency to displace recent events backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear to be more remote, and remote events, more recent.

Front 39

Testing effect

Back 39

that frequent testing of material that has been committed to memory improves memory recall.

Front 40

Tip of the tongue

Back 40

phenomenon: when a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item. This is thought to be an instance of "blocking" where multiple similar memories are being recalled and interfere with each other[1]

Front 41

Verbatim effect

Back 41

that the "gist" of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording (Poppenk, Walia, Joanisse, Danckert, & Köhler, 2006).

Front 42

Von Restorff effect

Back 42

that an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items (von Restorff, 1933).

Front 43

Zeigarnik effect

Back 43

that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are remembered better than completed ones.