Memory

Front 1

Encoding

Back 1

Getting info into the system by translating it into neural code that your brain processes.

Front 2

Storage

Back 2

Retaining information over time.

Front 3

Retrieval

Back 3

Pulling information out of storage.

Front 4

Sensory Memory

Back 4

Holds incoming sensory information just long enough for it to be memorized.

Front 5

Sensory Registers

Back 5

Initial information processors.

Front 6

Iconic Stores

Back 6

Visual sensory registers.

Front 7

Echoic Stores

Back 7

Auditory sensory registers.

Front 8

Short-Term Memory

Back 8

Holds information that we are conscious of at any given time.

Front 9

Working Memory

Back 9

Consciously processes codes and "works on" information.

Hint 9

Researchers refer to this as short-term memory as well.

Front 10

Memory Codes

Back 10

Mental representations.

Front 11

Chunking

Back 11

Combining individual items into larger units of meaning.

Front 12

Maintenance Rehersal

Back 12

Simple repetition

ie. Repeating a phone number to yourself so you don't forget it.

Front 13

Elaborative Rehersal

Back 13

Focusing on the meaning of information and relating it to other things we already know.

Front 14

Auditory Working Memory

Back 14

Repeating information to yourself in order to remember.

Hint 14

Phonological Loop

Front 15

Visual-Spatial Working Memory

Back 15

Allows us to temporarily store and manipulate images and spatial information.

Front 16

Episodic Buffer

Back 16

Provides temporary storage space where information from long term memory and from the phonological loop and/or visuospatial subsystem can be integrated, manipulated, and made available for conscious awareness.

Front 17

Serial Position Effect

Back 17

Recall is influenced by a word's position in a series of items.

Front 18

Serial Position Effect

Back 18

Recall is influenced by a word's position in a series of items.

Front 19

Primary Effect

Back 19

Reflecting the superior recall of early words.

Front 20

Serial Position Effect

Back 20

Recall is influenced by a word's position in a series of items.

Front 21

Primary Effect

Back 21

Reflecting the superior recall of early words.

Front 22

Recency Effect

Back 22

Representing the superior recall of the most recent words.

Front 23

Long-Term Memory

Back 23

The vast library of durable stored memories.

Front 24

Effortful Processing

Back 24

Encoding that is initiated intentionally and requires conscious attention.

ie. Rehearsing, making lists, taking notes.

Front 25

Concept of Levels of Processing

Back 25

The more we deeply process information, the better it will be remembered.

Front 26

Dual Coding Theory

Back 26

Encoding information using both codes enhances memory, because the odds improve that at least one of the codes will be available later to support recall.

Front 27

Automatic Processing

Back 27

Encoding that occurs without intention and requires minimal attention.

Front 28

Schema

Back 28

Mental framework; An organized pattern of thought about some aspect of the world such as a class of people, events, situations, or objects.

Front 29

Associative Network

Back 29

A massive network of associated ideas and concepts.

Front 30

Priming

Back 30

The activation of one concept by another.

Front 31

Neural Network

Back 31

Each concept is represented by a particular pattern or set of nodes that becomes activated simultaneously.

Front 32

Declarative Memory

Back 32

Involves factual knowledge

Front 33

Episodic Memory

Back 33

Our store of factual knowledge concerning personal experiences: when, where, and what happened in the episodes of our lives.

Front 34

Semantic Memory

Back 34

Represents general factual knowledge about the world and language, including memory for words and concepts.

Front 35

Procedural Memory

Back 35

Reflected in skills and actions.

ie. Riding a bike.

Front 36

Implicit Memory

Back 36

Occurs when memory influences or behaviour without conscious awareness.

Front 37

Flashbulb Memories

Back 37

Recollections that seem so vivid, clear, that we can picture them as if they were a snapshot of a moment in time.

Front 38

Encoding Specificity Principle

Back 38

States that memory is enhanced when conditions present during retrieval match those that were present during encoding.

Front 39

Context-Dependent Memory

Back 39

It typically is easier to remember some things in the same environment in which it was acquired.

Front 40

State-Dependent Memory

Back 40

Proposes that our ability to retrieve information is greater when our internal state at the time of retrieval matches our original state of learning.

Front 41

Mood Congruent Recall

Back 41

We tend to recall information or events that are congruent with our current mood.

Front 42

Decay Theory

Back 42

With time and disuse the physical memory trace in the nervous system fades away.

Front 43

Retroactive Interference

Back 43

Newly acquired info interferes with the ability to recall info learned at an earlier time.

Front 44

Retrograde Amnesia

Back 44

Represents memory loss for events that occurred prior to the onset amnesia.

Front 45

Anterograde Amnesia

Back 45

Refers to memory loss for events that occur after the initial onset of amnesia.

Front 46

Infantile Amnesia

Back 46

Memory loss for early experiences.

Front 47

Prospective Memory

Back 47

Concerns remembering to perform an activity in the future.

Front 48

Source Confusion

Back 48

Our tendency to recall something or recognize it as familiar, but to forget where we encountered it.