Memory

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Memory

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Storage of knowledge and experiences

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Encode

Back 2

Represent information in some form in the memory system

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Stage theory of memory

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A model of memory based on the idea that we store information in three seperate but linked memories.

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Sensory Memory

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First stage of memory is very breir and called sensory memory.

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Sensory Register

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First stage of memory in which an exact image of each sensory image is held briefly until it can be stored. 0.25 - 4 secs.

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Dual Store Model

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Input -> Sensory Memory -> STM -> LTM

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Short Term Memory

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Second stage of memory, 5-9 bit of info can be stored for breif periods of time.

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STM

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Constantly being updated

Immediate Forgetting

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Rehearsal

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In STM. Metal repetition of info to retain it longer.

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Chunks

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Units of memory.

7809876532

780- 987- 6532

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Proactive Interference

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Interference created by memories from prior learning

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Retroactive Interference

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Interference created by memories from later learning.

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Long Term Memory

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Third stage of memory, involving the storage of information that is kept for long periods of time.

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Encoding

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Process of transforming a sensory stimulus into a memory trace.

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Differences between STM and LTM

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More info in LTM so you use cues to retrieve info.

STM, recall physical experience in LTM, recall semantic meaning.

LTM, info gets stored permanently without rehearsal.

STM, controlled by frontal lobes and cerebral cortex. LTM, first in hippocampus then cerebral cortex.

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Procedural

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LTM. Memory for motor movements and skills

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Episodic

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LTM. Memory for meaning without reference to the time and place of learning.

Ex. Remembering your first day of school.

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Semantic.

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LTM. Memory for specific experiences that can be defined in terms of time and space.

Ex. Knowing capital of France.

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Declarative Memory

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Things you know that you can tell other.

Semantic and Episodic memory.

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Nondeclarative

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Things you know that you can show by doing.

Skill learning, priming, conditioning.

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Priming

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More likely to use a word you heard recently.

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Associative Network

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Theory that memories are linked through experience. They associate with one another.

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Recall Method

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A measure of memory based on the ability tonretrieve info from LTM with few cues. ( Being asked a dirext question)

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Recognition Method

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A measure of memory based on the ability to select correct info from amoung the options provided. ( Mulitple choice questions)

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Relearning Method

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A measure of memory based on the amount of time it takes to relearn foreign material.

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Serial Position Effect.

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Finding immediate recall of items listed in a fixed order is often better for items at thr beginning and end of the list.

Primacy and Recency effect.

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Deep processing and Survival Value

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Evolutionary theory that we better encode informstion that is more important to us.

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Elaboration

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Process of creating associations between a new memory and existing memories.

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Why we Forget

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Decay theory

Interference theory

Reconstruction theory

Theory of motivated forgetting

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Decay Theory

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Theory that forgetting occurs as the memory traces fades over time.

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Interference Theory

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The theory that forgetting occurs because similar memories interfere with the storage or retrieval of information, particularly if the memories are similar.

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Retrieval induce forgetting

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Retrieving one memkry might inhibit a new memory.

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Reconstruction Theory

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The theory that information stored in LTM sometimes changes over time to become more consistent with out beliefs, knowledge and expectations.

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Schema

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Are associative networks consisting of beliefs, knowledge and expectations.

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False Memory

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Remembering an event that did not occur or occured differently then remembered.

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Motivated Forgetting

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Forgetting based on upsetting or threatening nature of the info that's forgotten.

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Item Specific Processing.

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Maintenance Rehearsal.

Helps recognition by merely repesting info over and over again.

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Relational Processing

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Elaborating Rehearsal.

Helps recal by linking new input with previous knowledge.

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Spontaneous Recall

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No cues. Generated items from memory without help.

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Cue Recall

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Retrieval cues are provided to remind us of items being recalled.

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Recognition

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Original info is presented again at the time of retrieval.

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Encoding specificity principle.

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Retrieval cues are only successful in accessing a memory trace if they contain some of the same itens in which were stored with original trace.

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Context/Congruency

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Where you learned it. If you learn under water, your better at recalling it under water

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State

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If your intoxicated when studying, be intoxicated when taking the test.

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Matter

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Subjects who are sad or depressed are much more likely to recall sad memories while people who are happy will recall happy memories.

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Testing Effect

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Actively testing memory improves its subsequent retrieval

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Decay with Disuse

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It's adaptive, memories inhibit other memories to takeiver that memory with another. Rival memories.

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Flashbulb memories

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People are really confident when remembering.

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Resconsolidation

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Implies merelt that retrieving a memory DOES NOT make it stronger. Only presents the opportunity to strength or weaken it.

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Retrograde Amnesia

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Inability to retrieve old long term memories generally for a specific period of time extending back from the beginning of disorder.

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Anterograde Amnesia

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Inability to store or retrieve new info in LTM.

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Korsakoffs Syndrome

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Disorder involving both retrograde snd anterograde amnesia caused by excessive use of alcohol.

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Hippocampus

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Part of limbic system that plays a role in emotional arousal and LTM