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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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capacity of the sensory register |
first stage of memory info from senses stored in buffer for between a few milliseconds to 2 seconds - info attended to and used before it fades away without - would not be able to handle large amounts of information visual SM = stored in iconic buffer auditory SM = stored in echoic buffer |
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evidence for capacity of SR |
Sperling 1960 - research into the capacity of the VSM - concluded very large and any part could be attended to pps saw grid - 3 rows 4 letters for 20 ms asked to recall all - only 3 or 4 asked to recall just one row - could recall all row - previously not told which row |
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evaluation of evidence for capacity of SR |
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Duration of the SR |
all sensory memory stores have a limited duration - different types of information decay at different rates different stores = different capacities some evidence duration decreases with age |
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Evidence for SR |
Walsh and Thompson 1978 |
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Evaluation of SR |
- the brief duration of sensory memories is seen as due to their physical taces fading quickly - suggests biological explanation for the duration of information within the SR -brief duration can also be understood from an evolutionary perspective - people only focus on info with immediate survival value - keeping non-useful info reduces ability to hold useful |
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capacity of STM |
Miller 1956 theory : digit span technique - pps given string of unrelated digits that increase by one digit each time - measure digit span were pps could no longer recollect the digits in the correct order findings: STM is limited - DS is 7+ or -2 can be increased by chunking conc: MAGIC NO7 - STM has a short capacity - memory is determined by the size of the info span not the info learned |
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capacity of STM |
Miller 1956 Criticisms: - lacks ecological validity - not applicable to real life - no.s and letters not used IRL -pps might not perform well under pressure - effects result - researchers have questionned the assumption - ''chunk'' term criticised for being too vague |
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Duration in STM - length of time a memory can be held |
Peterson and Peterson aim: prove info lasts 20 secs in STM without rehearsal procedure: lab - presented with trigrams - asked to recall at 3 6 9 .. 18 secs - repeated measures design, asked again - given interference tasks (eg count back from 3)- reduced rehearsal - iv= time delayed dv=number of trigrams |
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Duration in STM |
Peterson and Peterson findings: 80% trigrams recalled - 3 secs 50% - 6 secs 10% 18 secs -- showed rapid forgetting suggests the duration of STM is no longer than 18 secs |
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Duration in STM - evaluation |
Peterson and Peterson -lacks mundane realism - trig-rams not in everyday life - meaningless = not remembered - difficult to generalize - low ecological validity - supported by HM who could form new stm but not ltm - could remember info for up to 15 mins - controlled exp - IV under direct control of the experimenter -can identify cause and effect - time delay causes recall to decline |
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Encoding in STM |
when info comes into out memory system it needs to be changed into a form that the system can cope with so it can be stored - three ways = visual, acoustic, semantic |
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Encoding in STM - evidence |
Baddeley et al - evidence for acoustic and semantic encoding in STM and LTM procedure: 4 categories, acoustically similiar, acoustically disimiliar, semantically similiar and semantically disimiliar - presented series of 5 words and asked to write them down immediately in serial order findings: -sound similiar = harder to remember -immediate recall showed the most confusion between the acoustically s then ds -no diff between semantically s and ds recall -STM - words sounded similiar = remembered less -LTM - remembered least = words with similiar meaning |
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Encoding in STM - evaluation |
Baddeley et al conc = STM codes acoustically - sound important in STM evaluation: -lab exp and artificial setting as people rarely learn a list of words - cannot be generalised to real life, low ecological validity -Postner - demonstrated that visual coding is also used in STM |
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Long Term Memory |
is a relatively stabel store that holds information for a longer time - few minutes or a lifetime - includes all we know and is constantly updated and revised |
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Encoding in LTM |
Baddeley - items that were semantically similiar hard to remember after time delay - suggests code used in STM store is semantic - also thought that pictorial representation and sound may play a part frost - gave pps 4 drawings in differing categories - the order of recall suggested pps used visual and semantic coding - evidence for both in LTM evaluations - supports that different forms of encoding are used in the LTM - songs acousticlaly, smells and tastes semantically - different types of LTM involve different brain areas |
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capacity of LTM |
- potentially unlimited Wagenaar - created diary of 2,400 events over six years and tested himslef on the recall of events not dates - had excellent recall - suggests LTM is extremely large - is only case study so not representative of the general populations - element of bias when testing yourself -it is supposedly limitless as no research has been able to find a finite capacity |
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duration of LTM |
- depends on how long you live - no need for rehearsal Bahrick et al - investigating duration of VLTM with real life information to show memories could endure a very long time procedure: 392 American ex-high school students 17-24 - recall was tested in 4 ways : - free recall - as many classmate as poss -photo recognition test - 50 pics of class mates and some not -name recognition test -name and photo matching test time since leaving high school varied - up to 48 years |
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duration of LTM |
findings: percentage recall was: 90% accurate in face and name after 34 years 80% accurate in face and name after 48y 40% accurate for face recognition after 48y 60% accurate for free recall after 15 years 30% accurate free recall after 30y conclusion: classmates rarely forgotten once aid was given, supports claim of VLTM - recognition better than recall, VLTM exist for certain types not all info |
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Duration of LTM |
Evaluation: good: feild experiment - results can be generalised - high ecological validity bad: oppurtunity for rehearsal - increased rate of recall results cannot be generalised to other types of information |
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types of LTM |
proposed by Tulving - procedural semantic episodic |
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Episodic |
part of the LTM responsible for storing info about event in out lives - involves concious explicit thought - is declarative brain stuructures involved - prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe |
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Episodic research |
Tulving - investigating the differences in processing episodic and semantic memory tasks procedure: 6 volunteers injected with radioactive gold - scanned to detect its location - then performed 8 80second tasks (4 semantic 4 episodic) in a randomised order - seperated by 2 mins rest - during the rest = injected with gold after 60s of performing a episodic or semantic LTM retrieval - then gold scanned in the brain findings : 3= inconclusice data for no reason - other 3 showed greater activation in the frontal lobe during thinking about episodic memories - greater activation in the posterior region of the corted when retrieving semantic information |
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Episodic research |
Tulving - conclusions: E and S involve different brain areas - seperate forms of LTM fact they involve different areas = biological basis Evaluation: -identification of the use of the frontal lobe in recall - supported by observations of memory abilities of brain damaged amnesiacs - damaged frontal lobe = impaired episodic LTM -study proved effect means of studying cognitive processes in live beings -3 out of 6 showed signs - findings cannot be seen as conclusive or generalisable to the pop. as a whole -involvement of his wife himself and collegue - biased and unobjective |
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Semantic |
part responsible for storing information about the world - meaning of words as well as general knowledge - concious thought and is declarative brain parts: hippocampus and temperal lobe |
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Semantic research |
vicari et al - report on a case study of CL - 8 yo suffered brain damage due to a tumour removal - had episodic deficiences but was still able to create and recall semantic memories - suggests e and s are seperate - |
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Semantic research |
evaluation - semantic memory may involve more of a network of links rather than one form of memory ability - some stronger than others - explains why easier to recall some -damage to different areas of the brain can affect semantic abilities differently - supports idea they are spread throughout the brain structures - plus supports idea that semantic is interelated memory abilities and not a single type of memory |
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Procedural |
responsible for knowing how to do things - unconcious thought and is not declarative brain parts: basil ganglia and cerrebellum |
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Procedural research |
Finke et al - case study of 68yo professional cellist who suffered damage to various brain areas after contracting encephalitis leading to severe amnesia - his episodic and semantic LTM where very affected - could not remember music facts but could read music including learning new complex pieces Also evidence that dopamine plays a role in procedural LTM (van gorp et al) |
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Procedural research |
Evaluation - procedural memories generally take longer to learn that explicit memory abilities - may be because procedural memory involves more motor functions and spatial abilities - relative lack of research - hard to decide which parts of the brain are involved - need more cases of brain damage that affects procedural memory not explicit memory -such cases are rare |
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Multi store model of memory FORMAT |
Key features : - model came from information processing approach - memory is characterised as a flow of information through a system divided into stages of a sequence - capacity and duration limits at each stage - transfer between each stage may retire recoding - external stimuli first enters sensory memory - can be registered or short time before decays - or passed onto Short term store - STM contains little information - info encoded acoustically- memory traces are fragile - can be lost in 30 seconds if not rehearsed - if rehearsed = passed to LTM - encoding assumed to be in terms of meaning (semantic) |
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Supporting evidence for MSMOM - STM/LTM distinction |
Clive wearing - |
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Supporting evidence for MSMOM
- importance of rehearsal |
Peterson and Peterson - |
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Evaluation of MSMOM - strengths |
Aa |
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Evaluation of MSMOM - weaknesses |
A |
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The working memory model |
- Baddeley and Hitch |
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TWMM - the central executive |
Explain - Research= Baddeley |
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TWMM - the phonological loop |
Explain - Research = Baddeley et al |
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TWMM - the visual-spatial scratch pad |
Explain - Research - Baddeley et al |
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Research TWMM - Baddeley "the episodic buffer" |
A |
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Evaluation TWMM - strengths |
A |
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Evaluation TWMM - weakenesses |
A |
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Forgetting |
A |
