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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Encoding |
-Automatic processing
-More likely to remember core parts not the peripheral details -Yerkes-Dodson Law: Stress affects memory -variables of personal prejudices, past experiences, and interests -other race effect: attention notice behaviors of our own race -weapon focus effect: pay more attention to the web and than criminals face |
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Rehearsal |
-repetition
-Ebbinghaus studies of nonsense words -amount learned depends on time spent learning |
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Overlearning |
-continuing to rehearse while learning -increase in retention |
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Next in Line Effect |
-if you are next in line to speak your poorest memory is for that person just speaking |
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Spacing Effect
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-Spacing rehearsal overtime helps retain information |
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Serial position effect
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-remember the first and last items better than the middle -recall is always best for the first items (primacy effect) |
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Encoding meaning
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-visually through pictures an appearance of words -acoustically -semantically -self-referentially |
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Encoding imagery
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-vivid mental images, Color memory -"Rosy retrospection": vivid memories(positive) can turn the tide and make someone remember a horrible incident better |
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Mnemonic devices
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-Image of each item in a familiar place -turn the list into a story -rhyming system -acronyms |
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Chunking
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-information into meaningful chunks -most can remember 5 to 9 items |
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Hierarchies
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Put in information into organized form or outline
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Why do we forget?
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-Encoding failure
-Too much information to process |
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Sensory memory
Iconic memory |
-brief photograph -lasts one second -eyes register but only that |
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Sensory memory
Echoic memory |
-brief soundbite -as soon as it is heard, it is gone |
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Short-term memory storage
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-all types: verbal, Visual, tactile, etc. -last a few seconds -when it is focused on, it goes to short-term memory -effortful processing helps with encoding -can store about 7 items |
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Long-term memory storage
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-all types: verbal, Visual, tactile, etc. -limitless capacity -Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve: course of forgetting is usually rapid then levels off over time |
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Flashbulb memories
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-usually a significant event or bit of information -lasts a long time (unforgettable) -9/11 |
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Implicit Memory
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Unconscious capacity for learning
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Explicit Memory
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-Declarative memory -able to spit back what was learned/written |
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Hippocampus |
Explicit memory/storehouse for new information |
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Frontal Lobe |
-older memories |
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Cerebellum |
-implicit memory |
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Retrieval Recall |
-ability to retrieve information not in conscious awareness (essay test) |
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Retrieval Recognition |
-ability to identify items previously learned (multiple choice or T/F) |
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Retrieval cues |
-priming: accessing parts of memory to get the full line when acting in a play
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Context effects |
-context is variable in remembering (being in the same place) -the scene of the crime |
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Cue-dependent forgetting |
-forgetting lines in a play without prompts or key words as usual (without "cues") |
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Mood and memory |
-emotions serve as retrieval cues -strong emotions trigger memories |
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State-dependent memory |
-when in the same state (happy), more likely to remember when again in a happy state. |
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Proactive Interference |
Can't remember new items because old information gets in way (new language) |
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Retroactive Interference |
Can't remember old information because new information gets in the way (can't remember old home number, because new cell phones, etc.) |
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Motivation to Forget |
1. We change our past (forget) to suit ourselves -painful past events -systematic amnesia -protect narrative of self -repression as defense mechanism |
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Misinformation Effect |
False memories -witness to event, given more information, incorporates that new information into personal memory of event |
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Source Amnesia |
Not knowing where memory was recorded, or how it came to be remembered |
