Memory

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memory

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and active sysetem that reciexes info. from the senses, organizes and alters it as it stores it away, and then retrieves the info. from storage.

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encoding

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the set of mental perations that people perform on sensory info. to convert that info. into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems.

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storage

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holding onto info for some period of time.

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retrieval

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getting info that is in storage into a form that can be used.

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information-processing model

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model of memory that assumes the processing of info for memory stroage is similar to the way a computer processes memory in a series of three stages.

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levels-of-processing model

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model of memory that assumes info that is more "deeply processed," or processed according to its meaning rather than just the sound or physical characteristics of the world or words, will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time.

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parallel distributed processing (PDP) model

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a model of memory in which memory processes are proposed to talke place at the same time over a large netwark of neural connections.

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sensory memory

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the very first stage of memory, the point at which info enters the nervous system through thesensory systems.

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iconic memory

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visual sensoy memory,lasting only a fration of a second.

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eidetic imagery

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the ability to access a visual memory for 30 seconds or more.

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echoic memeory

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the brief memeory of something a person has just heard.

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short-term memory (STM) (working memory)

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the meimory systime in which info is held for brief periods of time while being used.

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selective attention

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the ability of focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

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maintenance rehearsal

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practice of saying some info to be remembered over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-ter memory.

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long-term memory (LTM)

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the system of memory into which all the info is placed to be kept more or less permanently.

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elaborative rehearsal

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a method of transferring info frm STM and LTM by making that info. meaninful in some way.

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procedural (nondeclarative) memory

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type of long-term memory including memory for skills, procedures, habits, and conditioned responses. these memories are not conscious but are implied to exist because they affect conscious behavior.

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anterograde amnesia

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loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma froward, or the inability to form new long-term memories.

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implicit memory

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memory that is not easily brought into consious awareness, such as procedurla memory.

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declarative memory

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type of long-term memory containing info that is conscious and known.

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semantic memory

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type of declarative memory containing genreal knowldge, such as knowledge of language and info learned in formal education.

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episodic memory

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type of declaraice memory containing personal info not readily available to others, such as daily activities and events.

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explicit memory

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memory that is consciously known, such as declarative memory.

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semantic network model

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model of memory organization that assumes info is stored in the brain in a connected fashion, wiht concepts that are related stored physically closer to each other than concepts that are not highly related.

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retrievla cue

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a stimulys for remembering.

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encoding specificity

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the tendency for meomry of info to be improved if related info (such as surroundings or physiological state) available when the memory is first formed is also available when the memory is being retrieved.

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recall

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type of memory retrieval in which the info to be retrieved must be "pulled" from memory with very few external cues.

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recongnition

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the ability to match a piece of info or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.

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serial position effect

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tendency of info at the beginning and end of a body of info to be remembered more accurately than info in the middle of the body of info.

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primacy effect

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tendency to remember info at the beginning of a body of info better than the info that follows.

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recency effect

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tendency to remember info at the end of a body of info better than the info ahead of it.

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false positive

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error of recongnition in which people think that they recongnize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.

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automatic encording

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tendency of certianin kinds of info to enter long-term memory with little or no effortful encoding.

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flashbulb memories

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type of automatic encoding that occurs b/c an unexpected event has strong emotional associations ofr the person remembering it.

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constructive processing

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referring to the retrieval of memories in which those memories are altered, revised, or influenced by newer info.

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hindsight bias

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the tendency to falseely believe, through revision of older memories to include newer info, that one could have correctly predicted the outcome of an event.

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misinformation effect

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the tendency of misleading info presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.

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curve of forgetting

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a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fact with in the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually.

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encoding failure

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failure to process info into memory.

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memory trace

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physical chante in the brain that occurs when a memory is formed.

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decay

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loss of memory due to the passage of time, during which the memory trace is not used.

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disuse

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another name for decay, assuming that memories that are not used will eventually decay and disappear.

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proactive interference

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memory retieval problem that occurs when older info prevents or interfers with the retrieval of newer info.

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retroactive interferance

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memory retrieval problem that occurs when newer info prevents or interferes with the retrieval of older info.

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consolidation

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the changes that take placve in the structrue and functioning of neurons when an engram is informed.

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retrograde amnseia

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loss of memory from the point of some injury or trauma backwards, or loss of memory for the past.

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infantile amnesia

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the inability to retrieve memories form much before age 3.

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autobiographical memory

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the memory for events and facts related to one;s personal life story.