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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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STM and LTM differ in terms of...
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*Duration
*Capacity *Encoding |
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Explain Duration
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How long a memory can last in storage
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Explain Capacity
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How much info can be held in the memory store
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Explain Encoding
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Transferring info into a code, creating a 'trace'
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Explain SM
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An audio or visual trace that passes through the senses very briefly. It is rapidly lost through spontaneous decay
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Explain Spontaneous Decay
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Refers to SM, whereby info is rapidly lost through the senses via lack of rehearsal
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Who designed the Multi-Store Model?
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Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968
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Outline the MSM
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*Identifies 3 stores of memory
*Info enters SM *If attention is paid to it, it is transferred to STM *Through rehearsal, info passes through into LTM |
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Identify two weaknesses of the MSM
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*Oversimplified- assumes there is only one store for STM & LTM, evidence which has been disputed by the case studies of brain damaged patients
*Rehearsal is not always necessary to transfer info into LTM- some info cannot be rehearsed, eg. smells |
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Identify two strengths of the MSM
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*The distinction between the two stores of STM & LTM has been well supported by case studies
*Encouraged other psychologists to conduct empirical research into memory |
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What is the Primacy Effect?
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*Ability to recall the first few items of a list better than those in the middle- info at the begining would have been rehearsed more, and therefore made it into LTM
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What is the Recency Effect?
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*Ability to recall the last few items on a list better than those in the middle- later items are recalled as they are still in STM
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Explain Korsakoff's Syndrome
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*Amnesia as a result of of chronic alcoholism
*Recall last items on a list (unimpaired recency effect, and in that an unaffected STM) *LTM is very poor *Supports the model by proving STM & LTM have separate stores |
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Explain Procedural Memory (within LTM)
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*Know how
*Knowledge and skills *Riding a bike, cooking an egg |
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Explain Declarative Memory (within LTM)
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*Know THAT
*Specific info and facts *Subdivided into Semantic & Episodic Memory |
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Semantic Memory (within Declarative Memory, within LTM)
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*Language, general knowledge, congnitive concepts
*Well organised, not forgotten, does not impair- amnesia *Semantic Memory is tested in experimental work |
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Episodic Memory (within Declarative Memory, within LTM)
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*Also called Autobiographical Memory
*Personal events and people *Episodes of your life *Not always reliable due to memory distortions |
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What did Schachter (2000) recently add to the LTM store?
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*Perceptual Representational System
*Increased likelyhood of recognising something when you have recently seen something similar |
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What is an Empirical Study?
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*Experiment/ interview where data is collected through direct observation or experience
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Miller (1956)
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*Suggested 'Chunking' as a way to improve memory capacity
*Miller's Magic Number 7+/- 2 *Chunking combines individual letters or numbers into meaningful units *STM possibly hold 7 peices of chunked info *Post codes and phone numbers are chunked without realising |
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Encoding referrs to the way...
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Info is stored in memory
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In LTM, encoding is usually...
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Semantic- more useful to code words in terms of their meaning, rather than visually or acoustically
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Peterson and Peterson (1959) researched...
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The duration of STM
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Case Study-
Duaration of STM Peterson and Peterson (1959) |
*Ps. shown nonsense trigrams and asked to recall after series of seconds
*During the pause, given an interference task of counting backwards in 3's *After 3 seconds, ps. recall 80% of trigrams correctly *After 18 seconds, ps. recall 10% correctly *Concluded that when rehearsal is prevented, little can stay in the STM for longer than 18 seconds |
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Evaluate Peterson and Petersons 1959 Duration of STM case study
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*Lab experiement- reliable- tight control over variables
*Low eco-valid- trigrams are artifical *Meaningful memories may last longer in STM *One type of stimulus was used- duration of STM could depend on type of stimulus *Each ps. saw many trigrams- lead to confusion, making the first trigram shown the only realistic trial |
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Bahrick et al (1975)-
Case Study into VLTM |
*392 ps. asked to list names of their ex-classmates (free-recall test)
*Then shown photos and asked to recall names (photo-recognition test) *Given names, asked to match to photo (name-recognition test) *15 years of leaving school, ps. could recall 90% of names and faces *48 years, name-recognition was 80% accurate, and photo 40% *Evidence of VLTM in real life settings *Recognition is better than straight recall- may be a large bank of info, but assistance is needed to acess it *Field experiement- high eco-valid *Less relaible- hard to control variables *No way to tell WHY info was recalled well |
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Jacobs (1887) Case Study into Capacity of STM
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*Ps. given a string of letters or digits
*Repeat in same order, strings increased until ps. failed to repeat correctly *Ps. recalled about 9 digits and 7 letters- capacity increased with age during childhood *Concluded STM has limited storage capacity of 5-9 items *Indivdual differences, use of chunking, STM increasing with age *Low eco-valid- artificial *Possible confusion |
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Baddeley (1966) Case Study in Encoding in STM & LTM
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*Ps. given 4 sets of words either acoustically similar, acoustically dis, semantically sim, semantically dis
*Independant groups design *Recall immediately or after 20 min task *Ps. could not recall acous. sim. words immediately *Or semantically sim. words after interval *LTM relies on sem. enco *STM relies on acou. eno *Low eco val *No scope for other types of memory |
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Who developed the Working Memory Model?
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Baddeley and Hitch in 1974
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The Working Memory Model focuses on...
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STM
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Outline the components of the WMM
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*Central Executive- key component- attention- limited capacity- controls two 'slave systems'- also limited capacity
*Articulatory-phonological loop- speech based info- contains phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory process (the inner voice) *Visuo-spatial sketchpad- temporary storage of visual and spatial info |
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Baddeley and Hitch (1974, WMM) based the model on results from studies that used interference tasks. Elaborate.
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*Ps.-perform two tasks simultaneously that use same system, performance will be affected- 'the the the' whilst silently reading
*Both tasks use the articulatory-phonological loop- limited capacity, can't cope with both tasks *Tasks involving different systems are not affected- 'the the the' moving object |
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Shallice and Warrington (1974)-
Case Study of K.F. |
*Brain damaged patient- impaired STM
*Couldn't recall words (verbally), but visual info was not affected *Suggests he had an impaired articulatory loop *Provides support for the WMM |
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Explain the Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
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*Holds visual memories eg. faces
*Temporary storage |
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Outline the Episodic Buffer recently added by Baddeley in 2000
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*Added to the WMM because there was no where for visual and acoustic info to be stored
*3rd slave system- links info across domains to form an intergrated unit of visual, spatial and verbal info with time sequencing, eg. story or movie *Introduced as certain intelligent amnesia patients have a good short term recall of stories, despite not having enough storage in the phonological loop |
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Where does the Episodic Buffer intergrate info from?
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*Central executive
*Visuo-spatial sketchpad *Phonological loop (limited capacity) |
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Outline two strenghts of the WMM
(Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) |
*Greatly supported by research evidence in a way that the WMM was not- provides answers it's predecessor could not
*Describes rehearsal (articulatory process) as one component |
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Outline two weaknesses of the WMM (1974)
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*Description of the central executive is unsatisfactory- not an explaination
*All findings using this model lack eco valid, as all experiments are performed in a lab, frequently with brain damaged patients. Cannot be generalised to all memory processes |
