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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stages of memory
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encoding, storage, and retrieval
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Encoding
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the process of getting info into our memory banks
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Nmemonic
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learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
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Pegword method
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used to recall lists of words
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Method of loci
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imagery of places
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Keyword method
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ability to think of an English word to remember another word, usually in another language
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Storage
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refers to the process of keeping information in memory
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Schema
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an organized knowledge structure or mental model that we've stored in memory
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Retrieval
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getting information from our long-term memory banks, final stage of memory
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Retrieval cues
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hints that make it easier for us to remember us to recall information
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Recall
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generating previously remembered information on our own
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Recognition
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selecting previously remembered info from an array of options
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Relearning
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how much more quickly we learn information when we study something we've already studied relative to when we studied it the first time
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Disturbed versus massed practice
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we tend to remember things better in the long run when we spread our learning over long intervals of time rather than short intervals
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Tip-of-the-Tongue phenomenon
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we know how to answer a question but cant come up with the answer
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Encoding Specificity
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phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve info are similar to the conditions under which we encode it
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Context-dependent learning
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superior retrieval when the external retrieval when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context
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State-dependent learning
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superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding
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Mood-dependent learning
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easier to recall unpleasant memories than pleasant ones when they are sad
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Retrospective bias
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our current psychological state that can distort memories of our past
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Long-term potentation (LTP)
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a gradual strengthening of the connections among the neurons from repetitive stimulation over time
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Retrograde amnesia
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lose some memories of he past
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Anterograde amnesia
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we lose the capacity to form new memories
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Flashbulb memories
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emotional memories that seem so vivid that people seem able to recount them in remarkable, photographic detail
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Phantom flashbulb memory
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capturing the idea that many seeming flashbulb memories are false
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Source monitoring
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we try to identify the origins of our memories by seeking cues about how we encode them
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Cryptomnesia
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"hidden memory," mistakenly forget that one of "our" ideas originated from someone else
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Misinformation effect
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creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place
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Existence proofs
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its possible to create elaborate memories of events that never happened
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Simultaneous lineup
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the witness can make the selection "live" or from photographs
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Sequential lineup
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witness views the person one at a time
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