Memory

Front 1

STM

Back 1

Your memory for immediate events. STMemories last for a very short time and disapear unless they are rehearsed. STMemory store has limited duration and limited capacity.

Front 2

LTM

Back 2

Your memory for events that have happened in the past. 2minutes-100years.LTM potentially unlimted duration and capacity.

Front 3

Duration

Back 3

Measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available.

Front 4

Duration of STM & LTM

Back 4

STM=measure in seconds (20 seconds)
LTM=measure in hours days and years unlimited

Front 5

Capacity

Back 5

Meausre of how much can be held in memory. Measured in terms of bits of information e.g numbers and digits. STM 7 chunks whereas LTM is unlimited.

Front 6

Capacity of STM & LTM

Back 6

STM=less than 7 chunks + or - 2 (Miller)
LTM=potentially unlimited

Front 7

Encoding

Back 7

The way information is changed so that it can be stored in memory.

Front 8

Encoding of STM & LTM

Back 8

STM=acoustic or visual
LTM=semantic(meaning to a person)

Front 9

Chunking

Back 9

Miller (1956) suggested that the capacity of STM can be enhanced by grouping sets of digits or letters into meaningful units or 'CHUNKS'

Front 10

The Multi-Store Model

Back 10

Is an explanation of how memory processes work. Was first described by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin 1968. It involves: environmental stimuli, sensory memory, attention, STM, maintenance rehearsal, information retrieval, elaboarative rehearsal, retrieval and LTM

Front 11

Sensory store/Memory

Back 11

Is the information of the senses - information collected by your five senses. Capacity is very large. The method of encoding depends on the sense organ involved - e.g visual for eyes or acoustic for ears.

Front 12

Evidence for the Sensory Store

Back 12

Sperling 1960. He conducted an experiment, to give eveidence for the sensory store. Participants were given a grid which contained digits and letters. for a blink they had an option to write down all 12 items or they would hear a town immediately after write down that row. The evidence was that when asked to report the whole thing their recall was poorer than when asked to give one row only. This shows the sensory store informationdecays quicker.

Front 13

Evidence for serial position effect

Back 13

Glanzer & Cunitz 1966. They observed a interesting effects. They asked participants to recall from a list of 20 words one after the other. The effects were primacy and recency. Primacy=occurs because the 1st words are rehearsed the best and transfereed to LTM. Recency=occurs because these words are in STM being mor fesh. Shows words from the middle are less easier to recall.

Front 14

Evidence for areas that are asscoiated wit STM & LTM

Back 14

To show the existence of separate stores in memory is to link STM&LTM to specific areas of the brain. PET & MRI scans are 2 types of modern techniques of scanning the brain, lets us see particular regions of the brain in action. Area associated with STM=prefrontal cortex (Beardsley 1997)Ares associated with LTM=hippocampus(squire et al 1992)

Front 15

Evidence for Case studies

Back 15

In removal of the hippocampus it suggests thatit is a gateway to LTM sow ithout it memories will not pass through LTM. This is proven by the after effect of the removal of HM's hippocampus as he could only remember LTMemories before the removal. (Scoville and Milner 1957)

Front 16

Working Memory Model

Back 16

Baddeley & Hitch 1974. They reffered to the term working memory model as the bit of memory that you are using when you are working on a complex task. Which requires you to store info as you go along. The felt that STM was not just one store but a number of different stores. * if you do 2 things at once and from the same component perform less *interference if you o them from the same component * suggests that there is one store for visual and one for processign sounds