Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
urinary system
excretory system |
main function is excretion
|
|
|
excretion
|
removal and elimaination of metbolic waste products from the blood, regulation of volume, pH, electolyte composition of body fluids
|
|
|
removal and elimaination of metbolic waste products from the blood, regulation of volume, pH, electolyte composition of body fluids
|
excretion
|
|
|
body systems work independently to maintain
|
homeostasis (internal balance)
|
|
|
Urinary System excretes:
|
* water
* nitrogen containing waste products * salts *** all are constitutents of the urine |
|
|
Digestive System eliminates:
|
- water
- some salts - bile - digestive residue ** all are contained in feces |
|
|
Digestive system:
Liver is important in eliminating: |
- products of red cell destruction
- breaking down certain drugs and toxins |
|
|
The system and what in the system is responsible for eliminating: products of red cell destruction and breaking down certain drugs and toxins
|
The digestive system, the liver
|
|
|
Respiratory system eliminates:
|
- carbon dioxide
- water - appears as vapor |
|
|
Carbon dioxied, water (vapor) is eliminated by what system?
|
Respiratory system
|
|
|
angiotensin
|
blood protein that causes b lood vessels to constrict - raising blood pressure
|
|
|
blood protein that causes b lood vessels to constrict - raising blood pressure
|
angiotensin
|
|
|
Renin
|
an enzyme that activates angiotensin
|
|
|
an enzyme that activates angiotensin
|
Renin
|
|
|
Erythroprietin
|
a hormone that stimulates red cell production in the bone marrow when the kidneys do not get enough O2
|
|
|
a hormone that stimulates red cell production in the bone marrow when the kidneys do not get enough O2
|
Erythroprietin
|
|
|
Renule capsule
|
A membranous capsule made of fibrous connective tissue that encloses the kidneys
|
|
|
A membranous capsule made of fibrous connective tissue that encloses the kidneys
|
Renule capsule
|
|
|
Wyhy is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?
|
To accomodate the liver
|
|
|
Adipose capsule
|
a protective layer of fat around the kidneys
|
|
|
What anchors the kidneys?
|
fascia (connective tissue)
|
|
|
what are the kidneys anchored to?
|
the peritoneum and abdominal wall
|
|
|
The kidneys and the ureters lie:
|
- posterior to the peritoneum
- they are not in the peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Where are the kidneys and the ureters located?
|
In the retroperitioneal space
|
|
|
What brings blood to the kidneys:
|
- The renal artery
- a short branch of the abdominal aorta |
|
|
After entering the kidneys the renal artery divides into what?
|
smaller and smaller units that make contact with the nephrons
|
|
|
Nephrons
|
functional units of the kidney
|
|
|
How does the blood leave the kidneys?
|
vessels that merge into the renal vein
|
|
|
The renal vein carries blood into what to return it to the heart?
|
The inferior vena cava
|
|
|
How does the blood leave the kidneys?
|
vessels that merge into the renal vein
|
|
|
The renal vein carries blood into what to return it to the heart?
|
The inferior vena cava
|
|
|
Describe the kidney:
|
- a flattened organ
- 10cm (4inches) long - 5 cm (2 inches) wide - 2.5 cm )1 inch) thick |
|
|
- a flattened organ
- 10cm (4inches) long - 5 cm (2 inches) wide - 2.5 cm )1 inch) thick |
The Kidney
|
|
|
On the medial border there is a notch called the:
|
Hilum
|
|
|
Where do the renal artery, renal vein, and the ureter connect with to the kidney?
|
The hilum
|
|
|
The hilum is where:
|
The renal artery, renal vein, and the ureter connect with to the kidney
|
|
|
What gives the kidneys their bean shaped appearance?
|
the lateral border is convex (curved outward)
|
|
|
What two regions are the kidneys divided into:
|
- The renal cortex (outer portion)
- The renal medulla (contains tubes where urine is formed/collected) |
|
|
The renal cortex and the renal medulla form what cone-shaped structures?
|
Renal Pyramids
|
|
|
What do the tips of the Renal Pyramids point to?
|
The Renal Pelvis
|
|
|
Renal pelvis
|
a funnel-shaped basin that forms the upper end of the ureter
|
|
|
A funnel-shaped basin that forms the upper end of the ureter
|
Renal pelvis
|
|
|
Calyces are:
|
Cuplike extensions of the renal pelvis that surround the tops of the pyramids
|
|
|
Cuplike extensions of the renal pelvis that surround the tops of the pyramids
|
Calyces
(calyx singular) |
|
|
What collects urine around the tips of the pyramids?
|
Calyces
(calyx singular) |
|
|
What happens to the urine that collects in the pelvis?
|
Passes down the ureters to the bladder
|
|
|
What does a nephron do?
|
the work for the kidneys
|
|
|
What is a nephron:
|
A tiny coiled tube with a bulb at one end.
|
|
|
What is the bulb at the end of the nephron called?
|
glomerular capsule
|
|
|
What does the glomerular capsule do:
|
surrounds the cluster of capillaries called the glomerulus
|
|
|
how many nephrons does that kidney contain:
|
1 million
|
|
|
Afferent arteriole Is:
|
A small blood vessel that supplies the glomerulus with blood
|
|
|
Efferent arteriole is:
|
a small blood vessel that carried blood from the glomerulus
|
|
|
When blood leaves the glomerulus....where does it go?
|
it flows into the a capillary network that surrounds the nephron's tublar portion called peritubular capillaries
|
|
|
What are peritubular capillaries?
|
a network of capillaries that surround the nephron's tubular portion
|
|
|
What firmly encloses the kidney?
|
the renal capsule
|
|
|
The renal capsule encloses what?
|
the kidneys
|
|
|
The renal capsule is made up of what?
|
Fibrous connective tissue with a protective layer of fat called the adipose capsule
|
|
|
What anchors the kidneys?
|
Fascia anchors the kidney to the peritoneum and abdominal wall
|
|
|
Renal Cortex is:
|
kidneys outer portion
|
|
|
What is the renal medulla?
|
the inner portion of the kidneys
|
|
|
What is the renal pelvis?
|
a funnel shaped basin that forms the upper end of the ureter
|
|
|
Cayces?
|
cup like extensions of the renal pelvis that collect urine
|
|
|
Proximal convoluted tubule
|
leads from the glomerular capsule (Bowmans) and then forms the descending portion of the loop of henle
|
|
|
Descending limb
|
- osmosis
|
|
|
the lower loop of henle
|
- diffusion - Na
|
|
|
The ascending limb
|
- active transport Na/Cl
|
|
|
Rugae
|
folds in the bladder
|
|
|
How many sphincter muscles are there in the uirnary system
|
(2)
- internal (involuntary) - external (vountary) |
|
|
Trigone
|
- triangle shaped region in the floor of the bladder
- never stretches - contains the (2) ureters and urethra |
|
|
Specific gravity is:
|
the concentration of solutes measured
|
|
|
The concentration of solutes measured:
|
specific gravity
|
|
|
cystitis
|
infection of the bladder
|
|
|
-uria
|
in the urine
|
|
|
-emia
|
in the blood
|
|
|
AGN
|
acute glumerulonephritis
|
|
|
What is not part of the nephron:
|
- glomerulous
- collecting duct |
|
|
What is part of the nephron:?
|
Glomerular Capsule
PCT Loop of Henle DCT |
|
|
Distal convoluted tubule empties into what?
|
the collecting duct
|
|
|
Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorbes what and how?
|
sodium by pumping it
|
|
|
ADH controls?
|
the collecting duct
|
|
|
What controls the collecting duct?
|
ADH
|
|
|
What does ADH do?
|
control the collecting duct
|
|
|
What is filtration?
|
the movement of water or dissolved materials through a membrane under pressure
|
|
|
The movement of water or dissolved materials through a membrane under pressure is:
|
Filtration
|
|
|
Glomerular filtrate is:
|
The glomerular fluid that enters the glomerular capsule (bowmans)
|
|
|
How much filtrate do the kidneys form daily?
|
160 - 180 liters of filtrate
|
|
|
How much urine is produced daily?
|
1 -1.5 liters daily
|
|
|
What process follows the process of glomerular filtration?
|
Tubular reabsorption
|
|
|
Tubular reabsorption?
|
water and other needed substances leave the tubule and enter the surrounding tissue, interstital fluid (IF),
|
|
|
Tubular reabsorption occurs using what 3 processes?
|
1. diffulsion
2. osmosis 3. active transport |
|
|
Tubular reabsorption occurs using what 3 processes?
|
1. diffulsion
2. osmosis 3. active transport |
|
|
Active transport:
|
movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the conventration gradient using energy and transporters
|
|
|
Active transport:
|
movement of materials through the plasma membrane against the conventration gradient using energy and transporters
|
|
|
Tubular secretion:
|
some substances are actively moved from the blood into the nephron; potassium ions are moved into the urine this way
|
|
|
Tubular secretion:
|
some substances are actively moved from the blood into the nephron; potassium ions are moved into the urine this way
|
|
|
How do the kidneys regulate the pH of body fluids:
|
by active secretion of hydrogen ions.
|
|
|
How do the kidneys regulate the pH of body fluids:
|
by active secretion of hydrogen ions.
|
|
|
ADH regulates?
|
the amount of water that is eliminated with the urine
|
|
|
ADH regulates?
|
the amount of water that is eliminated with the urine
|
|
|
ADH is released by what?
|
The posterior pitutary gland and is regulated by the feedback system
|
|
|
ADH is released by what?
|
The posterior pitutary gland and is regulated by the feedback system
|
|
|
Countercurrent mechanism is?
|
fluid travelling the opposite directions withing the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop
|
|
|
Countercurrent mechanism is?
|
fluid travelling the opposite directions withing the ascending and descending limbs of the nephron loop
|
|
|
ADH (hormone) does what?
|
makes the walls of the DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water, so that more water will be reabsorbed and less will be excreted with the urine
|
|
|
ADH (hormone) does what?
|
makes the walls of the DCT and collecting duct more permeable to water, so that more water will be reabsorbed and less will be excreted with the urine
|
|
|
When the blood becomes more concentrated it triggers what?
|
The hypothalmus to signal the posterior pitutary gland to release ADH to dilute the blood
|
|
|
When the blood becomes more concentrated it triggers what?
|
The hypothalmus to signal the posterior pitutary gland to release ADH to dilute the blood
|
|
|
The process of urine formation:
|
1. Glomerular filtration - materials pass from blood to nephron
2. Tubular reabsorption - moves useful substances back into blood keeping waste products in the nephron (eliminated in the urine) 3. Tubular secretion - moves additional substances from blood into the nephron for elimination; moves hydrogen ions to balance body fluids pH 4. Concurrent mechanism - concentrates urine/reduces volume excreted ADH released - allows more water to be reabsorbed from the nephron |
|
|
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
|
internal mecanism that maintains adequate filtration pressure
|
|
|
JGA includes:
|
cells in the DCT and afferent arteriole where they make contact
|
|
|
DCT
|
carries urine from the nephron to the collecting duct
|
|
|
Afferent Arteriole
|
carries blood into the glomerulous
|
|
|
Juxtaglomerular means:
|
near the glomerulus
|
|
|
When receptors in teh DCT detect low volume or low sodium content in teh filtrate lieaving the nephron they trigger what?
|
Cells in the afferent arteriole to secrete the enzyme renin to inite the process to activbate angiotensis
|
|
|
Angiotensin is a:
|
protein that elevates blood pressure
|
|
|
Renin:
|
- activates angiotensin
|
|
|
Angiotenisin promotes the release of:
|
1. Aldosterone
2. ADH |
|
|
Angiotenisin stimulates:
|
1. thirst
2. raising blood pressure by increasing blood volume 3. vasoconstriction 4. stimulates heart activity through the sympathatic nervous system |
|
|
Urethra:
|
- the tube that extends from
the bladder to the outside - the means by which the bladder is emptied |
|
|
Male urethra:
|
- part of the urinary system
- part of the reproductive system - 8" long - passes through the prostate gland - joins two ducts carrying sperm and glandular secretions (germ cells) |
|
|
Female urethra:
|
- 1.5" long
- embedded in the anterior wall of the vaginal wall - comes out the urinary meatus (external opening) |
|
|
Urination is also called:
|
Micturition
|
|
|
Micturition:
|
Urination
|
|
|
External sphincter is formed by:
|
the muscles of the pelvic floor
|
|
|
Internal spchincter is formed by:
|
a continuation of the bladders smooth muscle
|
|
|
What leads to urination:
|
increased pressure in the bladder triggers the spinal reflex and urination occurs
|
|
|
pH of freshly collected urine:
|
6.0 (4.5 - 8.0 range)
|
|
|
Specific gravity of water:
|
1.0000
|
|
|
Specific gravity of urine:
|
- 1.002 (very dilute)
- 1.040 (very concentrated) |
|
|
When kidneys are diseased the loose the ability to:
|
concentrate urine and the specific gravity does not vary
|
|
|
Normal constituents in the urine:
|
1. Pigment - from bile
2. Electrolytes 3. Nitrogeneous waste including (urea, uric acid, and creatinine) |
|
|
Abnormal Constutuents in the urine:
|
1. Glucose (glycosuria)
2. Albumin (albuminuria) 3. Blood (hematuria) 4. Keytones (ketouria) 5. WBC (pyuria) -pus 6. Casts |
|
|
AGN (Acute Glomerulonephritis)
|
usually occurs after a strep infection
allows blood and protein into the urine |
|
|
Pylonephritis (acute)
|
inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney tissue from a bacterial infection
-- treatment: antibiotics, fluid replacement, rest and fever control |
|
|
Pylonephritis (chronic)
|
a serious disease in patients with urinary tract stasis or back flow
- can be caused by persistand and and frequent bacterial infections |
|
|
Calculi:
|
Kidney stones
|
|
|
Kidney stones:
|
Calculi
|
|
|
Kidney stones:
|
- are made of calcium salts
and uric acid - usually form in the renal pelvis or bladder |
|
|
Causes of kidney stones:
|
1. dehydration
2. urinary stasis 3. urinary tract infections |
|
|
Staghorn Calculi
|
fill the pelvis area and extend into the calyces
|
|
|
litho-triptor
|
stone cracker
|
|
|
lithotripsy
|
shock waves that shatter kidney stones
|
|
|
Acute renal failure:
|
characterized by a sudden serious disease in kidney function acompanied by electrolyte and acid-base imbalances
may be fatal |
|
|
Chronic renal failure
|
results from a gradual loss of nephrons
- gradually nitrogeneous waste products accumulate to high levels in the blood (uremia) |
|
|
Signs and symptoms of renal failure
|
1. dehydration excessive loss
of body fluid) 2. edema (fluid accumulation in the tissues) 3. electrolyte imbalance 4. hypertension 5. anemia (kidneys cannot produce erythropoietin) to make red blood cell marrow 6. uremia (urine in the blood) |
|
|
Cytoscope
|
a endoscope used to view the bladder
|
|
|
Bladder tumors:
|
most common in men over 50
90% are in the bladders epithelial lining |
|
|
Hematuria:
|
blood in the urine
|
|
|
Urinary incontinence:
|
involuntary loss of urine
|
|
|
Stress incontinence:
|
urethral incompetence that allows small amounts of urine to be released when an activity increases pressure
- coughing - sneezing - laughing - lifting - exercising |
|
|
Urge incontinence:
Overactive bladder: |
inability to control bladder contractions once bladder full sensation is received
|
|
|
Overflow incontinence:
|
neruologic damae or urinary obstruction that causes the bladder to overfill
- excess pressure in the bladder results in involuntary loss of urine |
|
|
Enuresis:
|
involuntary urination at night
|
