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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Activation of PTK-associated receptors is thought to be a result of what?
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Receptor dimerization
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Autophosphorylation both increases the activity of _________________ and creates ______________ for specific binding of proteins with so-called SRC homology-2 (SH2) domains.
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Tyrosine kinase; phosphotyrosine
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What 2 pathways involving phosphoinositides are activated by receptor PTKs ?
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K); phospholipase C-γ (PLC-γ) and phosphoinositide turnover pathway
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After an insulin receptor binds insulin, it undergoes autophosporylation on what?
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The carboxyl-terminal Tyrosine residues
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What binds to pyrophosphate of IRS-1?
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The SH2 domain of Grb2
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What causes GDP release and GTP binding to Ras?
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Sos binding to Grb2
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What happens once Ras is activated?
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Activated Ras binds and activates Raf-1
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What does Raf-1 do?
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phosphorylates MEK on 2 Serine residues (activating it)
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MEK phosphorylates ERK on a ________ and a ________ residue, activating it.
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threonine; tyrosine
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Ras is inactivated by _________.
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GTP
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IRS-1, phosphorylated by the insulin receptor, activates what by binding to its SH2 domain?
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PI-3K
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PI-3K converts PIP2 to ______.
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PIP3
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What is the target on PIP2 for phosphorylation by PI3-K?
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the hydroxyl group at C-3
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PIP3 interacts with proteins via their PH domains causing what?
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the activation of protein kinase B (PKB - a protein Ser/Thr kinase)
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What degrades PIP3 back to PIP2?
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a lipid phosphatase called PTEN
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PDK1 phosphorylates __________ bound to __________.
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PKB; PIP3
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When activated, PKB phosphorylates GSK3 on a ______ residue, (inactivating or activating) it.
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Ser; inactivating
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What happens if GSK3 becomes phosphorylated?
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it cannot convert glycogen synthase (GS) to its inactive form (so GS remains active) and synthesis of glycogen from glucose is accelerated
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When GS is inactive PKB stimulates movement of what from which transporter?
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Glucose uptake is increased through the glucose transporter GLUT4
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In the liver, insulin promotes what?
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glycogen synthesis by enhancing dephosphorylation of both phosphorylase and glycogen synthase
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In adipose tissue, insulin promotes ___________ and inhibits ____________.
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Lipogenesis; lipid breakdown (lipolysis)
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In muscle and fat cells, insulin promotes what?
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Glucose transport by stimulating fusion of vesicles containing GLUT-4 glucose transporters with the plasma membrane
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Once ERK is phosphorylated, it moves into the __________ and phosphorylates ________________ such as EIK1
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Nucleus; nuclear transcription factors
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What kinase cascade is important of cellular division?
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MAP Kinase Cascade
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_______ is a monoclonal antibody against a minor form of human epidermal growth factor receptor (Her2) for treatment of breast cancer.
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Herceptin
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What is a monoclonal antibody against epidermal growth factor receptor?
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Erbitux
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What is a monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial growth factor for treatment of advanced colorectal cancer?
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Avastin
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_________ is a chemical inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinases, c-Abl and c-Kit for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumors
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Gleevac
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The receptors for EPO, prolactin, and growth hormone are atypical cytokine receptors. So their ligand-binding component binds what?
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JAK
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JAKs are activated by ______________.
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trans autophosphorylation
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Activated JAKs stimulate tyrosine phosphorylation of cytoplasmic components of _______ factors.
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STAT
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After activated JAKs phosphorylate STAT, what 3 things happen?
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1.) STAT dimerizes through interactions of tyrosine phosphates with SH2 domains
2) translocates to the nucleus 3) regulates specific gene activities |
