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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do fat soluble compounds interact with the outer cell membrane?
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no- they go right through and head for the nucleus
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Where are fat soluble hormone receptors?
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in the nucleus
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What is the only limiting factor for fat soluble hormones?
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conc. gradient
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What are steroid hormones made from?
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cholesterol
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Are steroid hormones fat or water soluble?
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fat
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Do steroid hormones interact with the cell membrane?
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no
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What is the only steroid hormone with a cytoplasmic receptor?
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cortisol
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Do water soluble hormones go through the membrane?
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no
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Where do water soluble hormones bind?
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on the outside of the membrane
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What do water soluble hormones require that fat soluble do not?
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second messangers
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What is the main factor affecting diffusion of water soluble compounds?
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conc. gradient
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What other factors affect the diffusion of water soluble compounds?
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size, net charge, surface area, pH, thickness, flux, reflection coefficient
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To derive Fick's equation, what factors go in the numerator and which go in the denominator?
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numerator- factors that favor diffusion
denominator- factors that negatively affect diffusion |
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Where does pH go in Fick's equation?
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acid on the bottom
base on the top |
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Which type of membrane has more double bonds- saturated or unsaturated?
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saturated- no double bonds
unsaturated- double bonds |
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Which type or membrane fat is easier to break down? Why?
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unsaturated because double bonds keep the fats farther away from each other and lessen the 'locking' effect of saturated fats
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What are the 2 essential fats that can only be from diet?
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linolenic and linoleic
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Which essential fat is used to make arachadonic acid?
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linoleic
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Drugs with a half life under 8 hours have what kind of half life?
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short
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Drugs with a half life greater than 12 hours are said to have what kind of half life?
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long
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Drugs with a long half life are what type?
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fat soluble
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Drugs with a short half life are what type?
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water soluble
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Phagocytosis requires what?
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energy
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Endocytosis is primarily for what?
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nutrition (eating)
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Exocytosis is primarily for what?
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getting rid of waste
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Pinocytosis is primarily for what?
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fluids (drinking)
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What is the only organ that does pinocytosis?
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skin
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Anything that is catabolic is active or inactive when phosphorylated?
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active- inactive when dephosphorylated
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Anything that is anabolic is active or inactive when dephosphorylated?
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active- inactive when phosphorylated
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What is the most powerful way to cool something off?
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convection
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What 2 ions move the same way into and out of the cell?
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Na and Cl
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What 5 ions are in higher concentration outside the cell than in?
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Na, Cl, HCO3, Mg, Ca
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What ion has a higher concentration inside the cell than out?
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K
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What is the resting membrane potential throughout the body with the exception of the brain?
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- 90
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What is the resting membrane potential in the brain?
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- 70
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Which membranes depolarize?
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all
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Membrane channels transport what?
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small ions (e.g. Mg, Cl, etc)
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What is the only thing pores are used for in the membrane?
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medium sized molecules- sweat is the only example
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What do transport proteins transport across the membrane?
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large molecules
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What transport method transports protein against a gradient?
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primary active
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What kind of pump does primary active use?
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ATPase
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Does secondary active use energy?
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no
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What does secondary active require?
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sodium gradient
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What is symport or cotransport when referring to secondary active transport?
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moving in the same direction as sodium
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What is antiport when referring to secondary active transport?
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moving in the opposite direction as sodium
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What is the most common second messenger?
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cAMP
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What kind of action is involved with cAMP?
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sympathetic
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What 2 drugs block phosphodiesterase activity?
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caffiene and theophylline
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What does phosphodiesterase do?
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breaks down cAMP or cGMP
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What does breaking down cAMP have to do with anything?
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caffiene causes cAMP to build up in the cell thereby causing an increase in energy because ATP is not converted to cAMP
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What does bicarb. need to be transported across the membrane?
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transport protein
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Low levels of cAMP have what effect?
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sympathetic
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High levels of cAMP what what effect?
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parasympathetic
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Other than caffiene and theophylline, what other drugs inhibit phosphodiesterase?
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the FILS- sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadafil- Viagra, Cialis, etc
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How do the erectile dysfunction drugs actually work?
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they inhibit PDE so they stop the break down of cGMP which dilates blood vessels
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Which FIL has the highest incidence of priapism?
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tadafil
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Which hormones use IP3 as a second messenger?
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all hypothalamic hormones except CRH
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What does CRH use?
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cAMP
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What is the only hormone to use Ca as a second messenger?
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gastrin
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Growth factors, such as insulin, use what second messenger?
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tyrosine kinase
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Alpha 1, M1, and M3 receptors use what second messenger?
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IP3
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Beta 1, beta 2, and alpha 2 use what second messenger?
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cAMP
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Nitric oxide leads to increased levels of what? What causes this?
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cGMP which causes vasodilation by the gamma subunit of a receptor activating guanylate cyclase and converting ATP to cGMP
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What 3 things cause an increase in NO?
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nitrates, endotoxin, ANP
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What are the 3 most common nitrates?
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nitroglycerine, dinilatrate, sodium nitroprusside
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What can happen with chronic use of nitrates?
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tolerance
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Sodium nitroprusside can cause a toxicity of what?
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cyanide
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