Membrane And Action Potential

Front 1

- describes how an impulse moves along a cell membrane, most commonly the axon of a nerve cell.

- In order to ensure an action potential continues without being lost or without the amount of depolarization being reduced to below threshold (some ions will continue to move out of the cell via leakage channels), the action potential needs to continue along the axon.

Back 1

Action potential propagation

Front 2

This transmission of the depolarization process along a nerve or muscle fiber is called ________or_______.

Back 2

Action potential propagation ( nerve or musclnodese impulse.)

Front 3

It conducts the Action Potential

Back 3

Axon membrane

Front 4

It Surrounds the axon

Back 4

Myelin Sheath

Front 5

ICF of axon

Back 5

Axoplasm

Front 6

the membrane contains sphingomyelin which is a great electrical insulator

Back 6

Schwann Cell

Front 7

1-3 micrometer along the length of myelin sheath dress

Back 7

Node of Ranvier

Front 8

This lets ion flow with ease through axon membrane between ECF and ICF of axon

Back 8

NR

Front 9

The action potential from node to nodeNerve impulse jumps along fiber

Back 9

SALTATORY CONDUCTION

Front 10

causes depolarization process to jump along axis of nerve fiber (increase velocity of nerve transmission)

Back 10

Saltatory conduction

Front 11

conserves energy for axon since nodes only are the one depolarizes

Back 11

Saltatory conduction

Front 12

Inhibits the excitabilityNo action potentialLOCAL ANESTHETICSLidocaine and procaineMOA: Inhibit Na influx by blocking Na voltage gated channels which makes it inactivated 🡪 No Action Potential 🡪 No pain impulse

Back 12

Stabilizer

Front 13

there is a potential difference across the cell membrane, the membrane is said to be

Back 13

Polarized

Front 14

If the membrane potential becomes more positive than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be______

Back 14

Depolarized

Front 15

If the membrane potential becomes more negative than it is at the resting potential, the membrane is said to be ________.

Back 15

hyperpolarized

Front 16

___________ causing both depolarization and repolarization of the nerve membrane during the action potential

Back 16

VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM ANDPOTASSIUM CHANNELS

Front 17

Factors of depolarization and repolarization

Back 17

Voltage gated potassium channel

Voltage gated sodium channel

Front 18

The difference between resting potential and action potential rests primarily on the difference in inner membrane voltage

Back 18

Resting stage

Front 19

Within a few 10,000ths of a second after the membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium ions, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels open to a greater degree than normal

Back 19

Repolarization Stage

Front 20

Nerve signals are transmitted by __________ causing rapid change in membrane potential which spreads on nerve fiber membrane

Back 20

Action Potential

Front 21

_________________ is the voltage difference across a cell's membrane when it is not stimulated by a signal. That is, the potential inside the fiber is90 millivolts more negative than the potential in the extracellular fluid on the outside of the fiber -90mVMembrane is Polarized

Back 21

Resting membrane potential

Front 22

The normal “polarized” state is ________.

Back 22

−90 millivolts

Front 23

Rise in membrane potential

Back 23

Depolarization stage

Front 24

__________ requires an influx of positive ions to produce a specific change in voltage (threshold value). It occurs after a certain degree of internal cell membrane

Back 24

action potential

Front 25

membrane suddenly becomes permeable to sodium ions, allowing tremendous numbers of positively charged sodium ions to diffuse to the interior of the axon. The normal “polarized” state of −90 millivolts is immediately neutralized by the inflowing positively charged sodium ions, with the potential rising rapidly in the positive direction

Back 25

Depolarization stage

Front 26

It is the rapid change in voltage or Action Potential

Back 26

Stimulus

Front 27

__________ refers to the difference in charge between the inside and outside of a neuron, which is created due to the unequal distribution of ions on both sides of the cell.

Back 27

Membrane potential

Front 28

The term _________ refers to the electrical signaling that occurs within neurons

Back 28

action potential

Front 29

_______ a positive increase in electrical charge.

Back 29

depolarization

Front 30

- Every cell of the body has its own membrane potential, but only excitable cells - nerves and muscles - are capable to change it and generate an action potential.

-ALL OR NOTHING RESPONSE

Back 30

Action potential

Front 31

2 excitable cell3

Back 31

nerves and muscles cells

Front 32

are capable to change it and generate an action potential

Back 32

nerves and muscles

Front 33

If the membrane potential moves toward zero, that is a _______ because the membrane is becoming less polarized, meaning there is a smaller difference between the charge on the inside of the cell compared to the outside.

Back 33

depolarization

Front 34

ALL OR NOTHING RESPONSE

Back 34

Action potential

Front 35

Membrane slow decreasing in between od depolarized and resting is called ______

Back 35

Repolarization/ repolarized

Front 36

Other term for RMP Resting Membrane potential

Back 36

Polarization stage

Front 37

Increase permeability of voltage gated potassium channel.

It stops when calcium sodium channel has stopped.

Back 37

Plateau

Front 38

- _________ greatly prolongs the period of depolarization.- this type of action potential occurs in heart muscle fibers.

Back 38

Plateau active potential

Front 39

Action Potential occurs only in ________.

Back 39

nodes

Front 40

- usually voltage activated sodium channel

Back 40

Fast channel

Front 41

- voltage activated calcium sodium channel

Back 41

Slow channel

Front 42

Opening of fast channel usually cause the Spike portion of the action potential

Back 42

.

Front 43

Prolonged opening of the slow Calcium sodium channels mainly allows calcium ions to enter the fiber, which is largely responsible for the plateau portion of the action potential

Back 43

.

Front 44

Voltage gated potassium channel are slower to open than usual

Back 44

.

Front 45

Two types of gate in voltage gated sodium channel

Back 45

Activation and Inactivation gate

Front 46

Delivers information to create organ specifically muscle for contraction.

Back 46

Action Potential

Front 47

Other types/kinds of carrier proteins

Back 47

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Co transport

Counter transport

Front 48

It Contains any negative ions

Back 48

ICF

Front 49

Protein that carries and is responsible for the influx of Potassium efflux of Sodium in the cell.

Back 49

Sodium potassium pump

Front 50

Nerve cell anatomy

Back 50

Dendrites

Soma

Axons

Axon terminal

Myelin sheath

Front 51

Branches like, the one that picks up the electric changes from another nerve cell that came from the axon terminal.

Back 51

Dendrites

Front 52

It is the Cell Body. Interprets the information

Back 52

Soma

Front 53

Transmit or travel the signal (Action potential) Away to the Soma or cell body.

Back 53

Axons

Front 54

Release neurotransmitter came from dendrites.

Back 54

Axon terminal

Front 55

It protects the signal delivers to the nerve cell.

Back 55

Myelin sheath

Front 56

Positively charged

Back 56

ECF

Front 57

Negatively charged

Back 57

ICF

Front 58

Transfer of information to another Nerve cell

Back 58

Nerve cell

Front 59

__________ is more positive ( Outside the Membrane)3 sodium is out, 2 potassium takes in.

Back 59

Electrogenic pump

Front 60

(Patak lang ang nakakapasok) Small amount of Potassium ions takes place in ICF which does not make the membrane inside to be a positive than the outside.

Back 60

Potassium leak channel

Front 61

are always open during the resting and other protein channel are close. (It will open if there is Action potential coming.)

Back 61

Leak channel

Front 62

Protein Channels

Back 62

K leaky channel

Na-K Pump

Na Voltage Gated

K Voltage Gated

Front 63

Activation Gate: CloseInactivation Gate: Open

Back 63

During resting

Front 64

Activation Gate: Open, papasok yung Sodium IonsInactivation Gate: Slowly closing (Conformational change)

Back 64

Depolarization

Front 65

Activation Gate: OpenInactivation Gate: Close (Mag oopen lang kapag umabot na ulit ng -90 mV)

Back 65

Repolarization

Front 66

Types of local anaesthetic

Back 66

Lidocaine and procaine