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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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transmission of traits from one generation to the next |
inheritance/heredity
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offspring differ somewhat in appearance from parents and siblings
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variation
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a genetically identical individual
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clone
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2 parents, offspring has a unique combination of genes from the 2 parents
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sexual reproduction
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3 names for reproductive cells
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gametes
sex cells germ cells |
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process that halves the chromosome number of a cell
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meiosis
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union of gametes (2 names)
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fertilization(specifically sperm and egg)
syngamy- (just means together) |
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fertilized egg
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zygote
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ovaries and testes, collectively
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gonads
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after meiosis, how many daughter cells are there?
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4
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during anaphase I, what are pulled apart?
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homologous pairs
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during anaphase II, what are pulled apart?
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sister chromatids
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places where crossing over has occurred
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chiasmata
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2 specialized cells-the only ones that can do meiosis
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oogonium and spermatogonium
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in plants, where would you find an oogonium?
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in the ovary
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in plants, where would you find a spermatogonium?
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in the anther
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phase between meiosis I and II where nothing happens
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interkinesis
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overall, what does meiosis I do?
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separate homologous pairs
"reduction division" centromeres do not split |
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overall, what does meiosis II do?
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separate sister chromatids
looks just like mitosis but haploid |
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process when homologs pair up
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synapsis
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term for the 4 chromatids lined up together
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tetrad
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homologous pair + protein
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synaptonemal complex
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when parts of each homolog exchange genes
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crossing over/recombination
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place where crossing over has occurred
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chiasma (plural chiasmata)
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during metaphase I, homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate. it's totally random which homolog is on which side of the equator. this random lineup is called ___
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independent assortment
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after telophase I and cytokinesis, is each new cell diploid or haploid? duplicated state?
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in each of the 2 new cells, there are 23 chromosomes in the duplicated state, so they're haploid
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chromosomes uncondense, nucleolus reappears, and nuclear membrane re-forms.
is this telophase (mitosis), telophase I, or telophase II? |
telophase (mitosis) and telophase II
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true/false?
the spindle from meiosis I is recycled in meiosis II. |
false-a totally new one is made
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how does metaphase II compare to metaphase in mitosis?
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there are half the number of chromosomes lining up.
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process of making sperm
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spermatogenesis
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diploid cell that will become sperm
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spermatogonium
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diploid cell that will become egg
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oogonium
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in duplicated state, what's the spermatogonium called?
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primary spermatocyte
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in males, the 2 cells present after meiosis I and cytokinesis.
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secondary spermatocytes
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in males, the 4 cells present after meiosis II and cytokinesis.
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spermatids
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after the spermatids grow tails and mature, they are called ___
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sperm
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haploid/diploid? duplicated?
spermatogonium primary spermatocyte secondary spermatocyte spermatids sperm |
diploid, unduplicated
diploid, duplicated haploid, duplicated haploid, unduplicated haploid, unduplicated |
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oogenesis results in one ovum and three ____
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polar bodies
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diploid reproductive cell in females
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oogonium
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diploid reproductive cell in males
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spermatogonium
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in oogenesis, why is cytokinesis done unevenly?
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to give more nutrients, water, and cytoplasm to just one ovum.
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3 places where genes get shuffled
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1. crossing over
2. independent assortment 3. fertilization |
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When does crossing over occur? |
Meiosis I |
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Synapsis |
occurs when homologues are closely associated and crossing over can occur |
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Whenduring the process of meiosis does a cell become haploid? |
During meiosis I |
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If meiosis stopped in your body, what effectswould you see? Which cells would not bedirectly affected? |
No production of sex cells (gametes). Justgamete production would be affected. |
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bivalent |
when chromosomes pair up together along its length |
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seminiferous tubules |
tightly coiled tubes in male testes where spermotogenis occurs |
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follicles |
supportive follicle cells around the primary oocytes. resting in prophase I. during pruberty, hormones cause follicle cells to increase and ocyte enlarges |
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Graafian Follicle |
a mature follice. contains a secondary oocyte. |
