Medterm Exam 3

Front 1

epithelium

Back 1

cells covering external and internal surfaces of the body

Front 2

epidermis

Back 2

thin outer layer of the skin

Front 3

squamous cell layer

Back 3

flat, scale-like epithelial cells comrpising the outermost epidermis

Front 4

basal layer

Back 4

deepest later of epidermis

Front 5

melanocyte

Back 5

cell in the basal layer that gives color to the skin

Front 6

melanin

Back 6

dark brown to black pigment contained in melanocytes

Front 7

dermis

Back 7

dense, fibrous connective tissue layer of the skin, also known as corium

Front 8

sebaceous glands

Back 8

oil glands in the skin

Front 9

sebum

Back 9

oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands

Front 10

sudoriferous glands

Back 10

sweat glands

Front 11

subcutaneous layer

Back 11

connective and adipose tissue layer just under the dermis

Front 12

collagen

Back 12

protein substance in skin and connective tissue

Front 13

hair

Back 13

outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin

Front 14

nail

Back 14

outgrowth of the skin composed of keratin

Front 15

keratin

Back 15

hard protein material found in the epidermis, hair, and nails

Front 16

lesion

Back 16

an area of pathologically altered tissue; the 2 types of lesions are primary and secondary

Front 17

primary lesions

Back 17

lesions arising from previously normal skin

Front 18

macule/macula

Back 18

a flat, discolored spot on the skin up to 1 cm across

Front 19

patch

Back 19

a flat, discolored area on the skin larger than 1 cm

Front 20

papulae

Back 20

a solid mass on the skin up to 0.5 cm in the diameter

ex) a mole

Front 21

plaque

Back 21

a solid mass greater than 1 cm in diameter and limited to the surface of the skin

Front 22

nodule

Back 22

a solid mass greater than 1 cm that extends deeper into the epdidermis

Front 23

tumor

Back 23

a solid mass larger than 1-2cm

Front 24

wheal

Back 24

an area of localized skin edema (swelling)

Front 25

vesicle

Back 25

little bladder; an elevated, fluid-filled sac (blister) within or under the epidermis up to 0.5 cm in diameter

Front 26

bulla

Back 26

a blister larger than 0.5 cm

Front 27

pustule

Back 27

a pus-filled sac

Front 28

secondary lesions

Back 28

lesions that result in changes in primary lesions

Front 29

erosion

Back 29

gnawed away; loss of superficial epidermis, leaving an area of moisture but no bleeding

Front 30

ulcer

Back 30

an open sore on the skin or mucous membrane that can bleed and scar; sometimes accompanied by infection

Front 31

excoriation

Back 31

a scratch mark

Front 32

fissure

Back 32

a linear crack in the skin

Front 33

scale

Back 33

a thin flake of exfoliated epidermis

Front 34

crust

Back 34

a dried residue of serum (body liquid), pus, or blood on the skin

Front 35

vascular lesions

Back 35

lesions of a blood vessel

Front 36

cherry angioma

Back 36

a small, round, bright red blood vessel or tumor on the skin, often on the trunk of the elderly

Front 37

telangiectasia/spider angioma

Back 37

a tiny, red blood vessel lesion formed by the dilation of a group of blood vessels radiating from a central arteriole, most commonly on the face, neck, or chest

Front 38

purpuric lesions

Back 38

purpura; lesions resulting from hemorrhages into the skin

Front 39

petechia

Back 39

spot; reddish-brown, minute hemorrhagic spots on the skin that indicate a bleeding tenancy; a small purpura

Front 40

ecchymosis

Back 40

bruise; a black and blue mark; a large purpura

Front 41

cicatrix of the skin

Back 41

a mark left by the healing of a sore or wound, showing the replacement of destroyed tissue by fibrous tissue

Front 42

chymo

Back 42

juice

Front 43

cicatrix

Back 43

scar

Front 44

kele

Back 44

tumor

Front 45

bulla

Back 45

bubble

Front 46

keloid

Back 46

an abnormal overgrowth of scar tissue that is tick and irregular

Front 47

epidermal tumors

Back 47

skin tumors arising from the epidermis

Front 48

nevus

Back 48

a congenital malformation on the skin that can be epidermal or vascular; also called a mole

Front 49

dysplastic nevus

Back 49

a mole with precancerous changes

Front 50

verruca

Back 50

an epidermal tumor caused by a papilloma virus, also called a wart

Front 51

alopecia

Back 51

baldness; natural or unnatural deficiency of hair

Front 52

comedo

Back 52

a plug of sebum within the opening of the hair follicle

Front 53

closed comedo

Back 53

a comedo below the skin surface, with a white center (white head)

Front 54

open comedo

Back 54

a comedo open to the skin surface, with a black center caused by the presence of melanin exposed to the air (black head)

Front 55

eruption

Back 55

appearance of a skin lesion

Front 56

erythema

Back 56

redness of skin

Front 57

pruritus

Back 57

severe itching

Front 58

rash

Back 58

a general term for skin eruption, most often associated w communicable disease

Front 59

skin pigmentation

Back 59

skin color resulting from the presence of melanin

Front 60

depigmentation

Back 60

loss of melanin pigment in the skin

Front 61

hypopigmentation

Back 61

areas of the skin lacking color because of deficient amounts of melanin

Front 62

hyperpigmentation

Back 62

darkness areas of skin caused by excessive amounts of melanin

Front 63

suppuration

Back 63

production of purulent matter (pus)

Front 64

utricaria

Back 64

hives; an eruption of wheals on the skin accompanied by itching

Front 65

urtica

Back 65

stinging nettle

Front 66

exoderma

Back 66

dry skin

Front 67

acne

Back 67

inflammation of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin, evidenced by comedones (blackheads), pustules, or nodules on the skin

Front 68

acne

Back 68

point

Front 69

albinism

Back 69

a heredity condition characterized by partial or total lack of melanin pigment

Front 70

burn

Back 70

injury to the body tissue caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation or gases

Front 71

first degree burn

Back 71

a burn involving only the epidermis; characterized by erythema and hypersthesia

Front 72

second degree burn

Back 72

a burn involving the epidermis and the dermis; characterized by erythema, hypersthesia, and vesications (blisters)

Front 73

third degree burn

Back 73

a burn involving all layers of the skin; characterized by the destruction of the epidermis and dermis, with damage or destruction of subcutaneous tissue

Front 74

dermatitis

Back 74

inflammation of the skin characterized by erthyma, puritus (itching), and various lesions

Front 75

dermatosis

Back 75

any disorder of the skin

Front 76

exanthematous viral disease

Back 76

an eruption of the skin caused by a viral disease

Front 77

exanthema

Back 77

eruption

Front 78

rubella

Back 78

reddish; German measles

Front 79

rubeola

Back 79

reddish; 14 day measles

Front 80

varicella

Back 80

a tiny spot; chickenpox

Front 81

eczema

Back 81

to boil out; often used interchangeably with dermatitis to denote a skin condition characterized by the appearance of inflamed, swollen papules and vesicles that crust and scale, often with sensations of itching and burning

Front 82

furuncle

Back 82

boil; a painful nodule formed in the skin by inflammation originating in a hair follicle; caused by staphylococcosis

Front 83

carbuncle

Back 83

a skin infection consisting of clusters of furuncles

Front 84

abscess

Back 84

a localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the inflammation of surrounding tissues, which heals when drained or excised

Front 85

abscessus

Back 85

a going away

Front 86

gangrene

Back 86

an eating sore; death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply

Front 87

herpes simplex virus type 1

Back 87

transient viral vesicles that infect the facil area, especially the mouth and nose

Front 88

herpes

Back 88

creeping skin disease

Front 89

herpes simplex virus type 2

Back 89

sexually transmitted, ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucousa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress

Front 90

herpes zoster

Back 90

a viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following affected nerves, usually unilateral; also known as shingles

Front 91

zoster

Back 91

girdles

Front 92

impetigo

Back 92

a highly contagious,s bacterial skin inflammation marked by pustules that rupture and become crusted, most often around the mouth and nostrils

Front 93

karatoses

Back 93

thickened areas of epidermis

Front 94

actinic/solar karatoses

Back 94

localized thickening of the skin caused by excessive exposure to sunlight, a known precursor to cancer

Front 95

actinic

Back 95

ray

Front 96

solar

Back 96

sun

Front 97

seborrheic keratoses

Back 97

benign, wart-like tumors; more common on elderly skin

Front 98

lupus

Back 98

a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation of various parts of the body

Front 99

lupus

Back 99

wolf

Front 100

cutaneous lupus

Back 100

limited to the skin; evidenced by a characteristic rash, especially on the face neck, and scalp

Front 101

systemic lupus erythematosus

Back 101

a more severe form of lupus involving the skin, joints, and often vital organs

Front 102

malignant cutaneous neoplasm

Back 102

skin cancer

Front 103

squamous cell cercinoma

Back 103

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium

Front 104

basal cell carcinoma

Back 104

malignant tumor of the basal layer of the epidermis; the most common type of skin cancer

Front 105

malignant melanoma

Back 105

malignant tumor composed of melanocytes

Front 106

Kaposi sarcoma

Back 106

malignant tumor of the walls of blood vessels, appearing as painless, dark-bluish-purple plaques on the skin; often spreads to the lymph nodes and internal organs; commonly seen in patients with HIV/AIDS

Front 107

onychia

Back 107

inflammation of the fingernail or townail

Front 108

paronychia

Back 108

inflammation of the nail fold

Front 109

pediculosis

Back 109

infestation with lice that causes itching and dermatitis

Front 110

pediculo

Back 110

louse

Front 111

pediculosis capitis

Back 111

head lice

Front 112

pediculosis pubis

Back 112

lice that generally infect the pubic region and sometimes also hair of the axilla, eyebrows, eyelashes, beard, or other hairy body surfaces; also called crabs

Front 113

pubis

Back 113

groin

Front 114

psoriasis

Back 114

itching; a chronic, ,recurrent skin disease marked by silvery scales covering red patches, papules, and/or plaques on the skin that result from overproduction and thickening of skin cells; common sites of involvement are the elbows, knees, genitals arms, legs, scalp, and nais

Front 115

scabies

Back 115

a contagious disease caused by a parasite (mite) that invades the skin, causing an intense itch, most often at articulations between the diners, or toes, elbow, etc.

Front 116

scabo

Back 116

to scratch

Front 117

seborrhea

Back 117

a skin condition marked by the hypersecretion of sebum from the sebaceous glands

Front 118

tinea

Back 118

a group of fungal skin diseases identified by the body part affected, including tinea corporis (body), commonly called ringworm, and tinea pedis (foot), also called athlete's foot

Front 119

vitiligo

Back 119

a condition caused by the destruction of melanin that results in the appearance of white patches on the skin (commonly the face, hands, legs, and genital areas)

Front 120

ankyl/o

Back 120

crooked or stiff

Front 121

arthr/o, articul/o

Back 121

joint

Front 122

brachio/o

Back 122

arm

Front 123

cervic/o

Back 123

neck

Front 124

chonr/o

Back 124

cartilage (gristle)

Front 125

cost/o

Back 125

rib

Front 126

crani/o

Back 126

skull

Front 127

dactyl/o

Back 127

digit (finger or toe)

Front 128

fasci/o

Back 128

fascia (a band)

Front 129

femor/o

Back 129

femur

Front 130

fibr/o

Back 130

fiber

Front 131

kyph/o

Back 131

humped-back

Front 132

lei/o

Back 132

smooth

Front 133

lord/o

Back 133

bent

Front 134

lumb/o

Back 134

loin (lower back)

Front 135

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o

Back 135

muscle

Front 136

myel/o

Back 136

bone marrow or spinal cord

Front 137

oste/o

Back 137

bone

Front 138

patell/o

Back 138

knee cap

Front 139

pelv/i

Back 139

pelvis (basin) or hip bone

Front 140

radi/o

Back 140

radius

Front 141

rhabd/o

Back 141

rod-shaped or striated (skeletal)

Front 142

sarc/o

Back 142

flesh

Front 143

scoli/o

Back 143

twisted

Front 144

spondyl/o, vertebr/o

Back 144

vertebra

Front 145

stern/o

Back 145

sternum (breastbone)

Front 146

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

Back 146

tendon (to stretch)

Front 147

thorac/o

Back 147

chest

Front 148

ton/o

Back 148

tone or tension

Front 149

uln/o

Back 149

ulna

Front 150

appendicular skeleton

Back 150

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

Front 151

axial skeleton

Back 151

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone

Front 152

bone

Back 152

specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes; forms the skeleton

Front 153

compact bone

Back 153

tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

Front 154

spongy/cancellous bone

Back 154

mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

Front 155

long bones

Back 155

bones of the arms and legs

Front 156

short bones

Back 156

bones of the wrists and ankles

Front 157

flat bones

Back 157

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

Front 158

irregular bones

Back 158

bones of the vertebrae and face

Front 159

sesamoid bones

Back 159

round bones found near joints (aka patella)

Front 160

epiphysis

Back 160

wide ends of a long bone

Front 161

physis

Back 161

growth

Front 162

diaphysis

Back 162

shaft of a long bone

Front 163

metaphysis

Back 163

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

Front 164

endosteum

Back 164

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

Front 165

medullary cavity

Back 165

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

Front 166

bone marrow

Back 166

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

Front 167

red bone marrow

Back 167

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones in adults

Front 168

yellow bone marrow

Back 168

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

Front 169

periosteum

Back 169

a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone

Front 170

articular cartilage

Back 170

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

Front 171

articulation

Back 171

a joint; the point where two bones come together

Front 172

bursa

Back 172

a fibrous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

Front 173

disk/disc

Back 173

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction

Front 174

nucleus pulposus

Back 174

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

Front 175

ligament

Back 175

a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

Front 176

synovial membrane

Back 176

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

Front 177

synovial fluid

Back 177

joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Front 178

muscle

Back 178

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

Front 179

striated muscle/skeletal muscle

Back 179

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

Front 180

smooth muscle

Back 180

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

Front 181

cardiac muscle

Back 181

muscles of the heart

Front 182

origin of a muscle

Back 182

muscle end attaches to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

Front 183

insertion of a muscle

Back 183

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

Front 184

tendon

Back 184

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

Front 185

fascia

Back 185

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

Front 186

anatomic/anatomical postition

Back 186

term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions

Front 187

body planes

Back 187

reference panes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

Front 188

coronal plane

Back 188

vertical divisions of the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

Hint 188

Front 189

sagittal plane

Back 189

vertical division of the body into eight and left portions

Hint 189

Front 190

transverse plane

Back 190

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

Hint 190

Front 191

anterior/ventral

Back 191

front of the body

Front 192

posterior/dorsal

Back 192

back of the body

Front 193

anterior-posterior

Back 193

from the front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 194

posterior-anterior

Back 194

back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

Front 195

superior/cephalic

Back 195

situated above another structure, toward the head

Front 196

inferior/caudal

Back 196

situated below another structure, away from the head

Front 197

proximal

Back 197

toward the beginning or origin of a structure; for example, the proximal aspect of the femur (thigh bone) is the area closest to where it attaches to the hip

Front 198

distal

Back 198

away from the beginning or origin of a structure

Front 199

medial

Back 199

toward the middle

Front 200

lateral

Back 200

toward the side

Front 201

axis

Back 201

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

Front 202

erect

Back 202

normal standing position

Front 203

decubitus

Back 203

lying down, especially in a bed; lateral decibitus is lying on the side

Front 204

decumbo

Back 204

to lie down

Front 205

prone

Back 205

lying face down and flat

Front 206

recumbent

Back 206

lying down

Front 207

supine

Back 207

horizontal recumbent; lying on the back (on the spine)

Front 208

flexion

Back 208

bending at the joints so that the angle between the bones is decreased

Front 209

extension

Back 209

straitening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased

Front 210

abduction

Back 210

movement away from the body

Front 211

adduction

Back 211

movement towards the body

Front 212

rotation

Back 212

circular movement around an axis

Front 213

eversion

Back 213

turning outward

Front 214

inversion

Back 214

turning inward

Front 215

supination

Back 215

turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward (so only hands or feet)

Front 216

pronation

Back 216

turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward

Front 217

dorsiflexion

Back 217

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Front 218

plantar flexion

Back 218

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes towards the ground

Front 219

range of motion (ROM)

Back 219

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements; measured in degrees

Front 220

goniometer

Back 220

instrument used to measure joint angles

Front 221

gonio

Back 221

angle

Front 222

arthralgia

Back 222

joint pain

Front 223

atrophy

Back 223

shrinking of muscle size

Front 224

crepitation/crepitus

Back 224

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

Front 225

exostosis

Back 225

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

Front 226

flaccid

Back 226

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

Front 227

hypertrophy

Back 227

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

Front 228

hypotonia

Back 228

reduced muscle tone or tension

Front 229

myalgia/myodynia

Back 229

muscle pain

Front 230

ostealgia/osteodynia

Back 230

bone pain

Front 231

rigor/rigidity

Back 231

stiffness; stiff muscle

Front 232

spasm

Back 232

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

Front 233

spastic

Back 233

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm)

Front 234

tetany

Back 234

tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction

Front 235

tremor

Back 235

shaking; rhythmic muscular movment

Front 236

ankylosis

Back 236

stiff joint condition

Front 237

arthritis

Back 237

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis

Front 238

osteoarthritis/degenerative arthritis/degenerative joint disease

Back 238

most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage

Front 239

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 239

most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes (especially in the hands and feet) and causing ankylosis and deformity

Front 240

gouty arthritis

Back 240

acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint, caused by hyperuricemia

Front 241

bony necrosis/sequestrum

Back 241

bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

Front 242

sequestrum

Back 242

something laid aside

Front 243

bunion

Back 243

swelling of the joint at the case of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

Front 244

bursitis

Back 244

inflammation of a bursa

Front 245

chondromalacia

Back 245

softening of cartilage

Front 246

epiphysitis

Back 246

inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

Front 247

fracture (Fx)

Back 247

broken or cracked bone

Front 248

closed fracture

Back 248

broken bone with no open wound

Front 249

open fracture

Back 249

compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

Front 250

simple fracture

Back 250

nondisplaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair

Front 251

complex fracture

Back 251

displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

Front 252

fracture line

Back 252

the line of the break in a broken bone

Front 253

comminuted fracture

Back 253

broken in many small pieces

Front 254

greenstick fracture

Back 254

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Front 255

herniated disk

Back 255

protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

Front 256

myeloma

Back 256

bone marrow tumor

Front 257

myositis

Back 257

inflammation of muscle

Front 258

myoma

Back 258

muscle tumor

Front 259

leiomyoma

Back 259

smooth muscle tumor

Front 260

leimyosarcoma

Back 260

malignant smooth muscle tumor

Front 261

rhabdomyoma

Back 261

skeletal muscle tumor

Front 262

rhabdomyosarcoma

Back 262

malignant skeletal muscle tumor

Front 263

muscular dystrophy

Back 263

a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common

Front 264

osteoma

Back 264

bone tumor

Front 265

osteosarcoma

Back 265

type of malignant bone tumor

Front 266

osteomalacia

Back 266

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficieny

Front 267

rickets

Back 267

osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity

Front 268

osteomyelitis

Back 268

infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation

Front 269

osteoporosis

Back 269

condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily

Front 270

porosis

Back 270

passage

Front 271

spinal curvatures

Back 271

curvatures of the spine or spinal column

Front 272

kyphosis

Back 272

abdominal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine

Front 273

lordosis

Back 273

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine

Front 274

scoliosis

Back 274

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (s-shape)

Front 275

spondylolisthesis

Back 275

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebrae

Front 276

listhesis

Back 276

slipping

Front 277

spondylosis

Back 277

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration

Front 278

sprain

Back 278

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

Front 279

subluxation

Back 279

partial dislocation

Front 280

luxation

Back 280

dislocation

Front 281

tendinitis/tendonitis

Back 281

inflammation of a tendon