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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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source is in brain stem, hypothalamus, dorsal horn of the spinal cord; helps control mood and sleep
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Serotonin
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affects behavior and fine movement; decrease is associated with Parkinson's
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Dopamine
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affects mood and overall activity; usually excitatory; located in brain stem, hypothalamus, post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
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Norepinephrine
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responsible for pleasurable sensation; inhibits pain transmission; source is nerve terminals in the spine, brain stem, thalamus, and hypothalamus, pituitary gland
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Enkephalin, endorphin
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-posterior lobe of the cerebral hemisphere located at the lower back of head; responsible for visual interpretation
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Occipital Lobe
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-lies on either side of third ventricle; acts primarily as relay station for all sensation except smell; all memory, sensation, and pain impulses pass through; plays role in concious awareness of pain
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Thalamus
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-part of brain stem; connects pons and cerebellum with the cerebral hemispheres; contains sensory and motor pathways and serves as center for auditory and visual reflexes; cranial nerves III and IV originate here; parasympathetic nerves here
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Midbrain
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anterior and inferior to the thalamus; includes optic chiasm (where the 2 optic nerves cross); includes mamillary bodies; connects to pituitary; important in endocrine system; site of hunger center and regulate sleep-wake cycle; controls and regulates autonomic nervous system
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Hypothalamus
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-seperated from cerebral hemispheres by a fold of dura mater; has both excitatory and inhibitory actions; largely responsible for coordination and movement; controls fine movement; controls position sense or proprioception
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Cerebellum
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When this is impaired, results are loss of muscle tone, weakness, and fatigue.
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Cerebellum
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With this posturing, the patient exhibits flexion and internal rotation of the arms and wrists and extension, internal rotation and plantar flexion of the feet.
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Decortitate Posturing
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With this posturing, patient exhibits extension and external rotation of the arms and wrists and extension, plantar flexion, and internal of the feet.
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Decerebrate Posturing
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What nerve is called the acoustic nerve, responsible for sensory, hearing, and equilibrium? Assessed with whisper, Weber, and Rinne Test.
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VIII
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This nerve has mixed sensory and motor functions. Controls muscles of the pharynx, larynx and soft palate, sensation in external ear, pharynx, larynx, thoracic and abdominal viscera, parasympathetic innervation of the thoraci and abdominal organs. assess with tongue blade on posterior tongue
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X--Vagus
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Nerve responsible for motor function; movement of the tongue; assess while patient protrudes the tonge; assess strength by having patient move tongue from side to side against tongue depressor
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XII--Hypoglossal
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With this disease, the primary symptom is vertigo. Can be disabling and upon examination the cranial nerve VIII (acoustic) is abnormal.
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Meniere's Disease
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This is an auditory function examination done with a tuning fork to test air and bone conduction.
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Rinne's Test
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This test is done by stroking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot; indicative of CNS disease affecting the corticospinal tract. Fanning out of toes and then drawing back is abnormal.
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Babinski's Sign
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This diagnostic test uses a narrow x-ray beam to scan a body part. You should always assess patient for iodine/shellfish allergies before performing with contrast.
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Computed Tomography Scanning (CT)
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How long should a patient lie still after a lumbar puncture to reduce the risk of CSF leakage?
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2 to 3 hours
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Where is the needle inserted in a patient undergoing a lumbar puncture?
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Between the 3rd and 4th or 4th and 5th lumbar vertebraes
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What has the following characteristics?
-clear, colorless -specific gravity of 1.007 -produced in ventricles |
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
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Where is CSF produced?
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In the choroid plexus of the lateral 3rd and 4th ventricles.
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How much CSF does the ventricular and subarachnoid system usually contain?
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150mL
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The followin patient teaching would be done for what diagnostic procedure?
-teach relaxation techniques -no metal objects or credit cards -check to see if patient has prosthesis |
MRI
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These are episodes of abnormal motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychic activity that result from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurons:
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Seizures
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What is the underlying cause of a seizure?
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electrical disturbance in the nerve cells in one section of the brain
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What are the S/SX of a seizure?
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-loss of conciousness
-excess movement or loss of muscle tone or movement -disturbances in behavior, mood, sensation, and perception |
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Most widely used migraine medication; can cause chest pain and is contraindicated in patients with ischemic heart disease
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Imitrex
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What are adverse reactions of Imitrex?
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-increased BP
-drowsiness -muscle pain -sweating -anxiety |
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What is some patient education you need to provide for patients with migraines?
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-more likely to occur when patient is ill, overly tired, or stressed
-regular sleep, meals, exercise, relaxation, and avoidance of dietary triggers -stress reduction techniques -importance of following treatment regimen |
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This is characterized by ecchymosis behind the ear and is a physical finding in patients with basilar skull fractures.
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Battles Sign
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What is the normal ICP range?
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10 to 20 mm Hg
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What is the earliest sign of ICP?
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loss of conciousness including additional signs of slurred speech and delay in response to verbal suggestions
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What measures should be taken when there is an increase of ICP?
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-maintain adequate oxygenation
-elevate head of the bed -maintain normal blood volume |
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What is the initial management of ICP?
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Preventing secondary injury and maintaining adequate cerebral oxygenation
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This drug is a diuretic, osmotic, that acts by increasing osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate, which raises osmotic pressure of fluid in renal tubules; decreases reabsorption of water, elecrolytes; increases urinary output, sodium, chloride excretion
Used to treat edema, promote systemic diuresis in cerebral edema, and to decrease intraocular pressure. |
Mannitol
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A neurological emergency that occurs in clients who have sustained cervical or throacic spinal cord injuries above the level T6 and is most often associated with a full bladder or distended rectum.
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Autonomic Dysreflexia
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What are the classic symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia?
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-severe, throbbing headache
-flushing of face and neck -bradycardia -extreme hypertension |
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This is a tool used for assessing a patient's response to stimuli.
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Glasgow Coma Scale
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This test involves the intravenous injection of a small amount of substance to test for MG (myasthenia gravis)
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Tensilon Test
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What is considered an abnormal result for a Tensilon test?
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An obvious increase in strength in weakened muscles.
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This is a potassium-sparing drug used to remove excess fluid caused by CHF, cirrhosis of the liver, and kidney disease. Can also be used to treat elevated blood pressure.
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Aldactone
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This drug often requres potassium supplementation because it can cause lowering of potassium, sodium, and magnesium levels.
It can also lead to lithium toxicity due to the reduction of kidney excretion of lithium. |
HydroDIURIL
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This drug is an anti-anxiety med used for treatment of anxiety disorders and seizures. Patients taking this drug should not consume alcohol or take other meds that cause sedation while taking it.
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Valium (diazepam)
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This drug is used to treat migraines. It acts by binding to the vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype and exerts antimigraine effect, causing vasoconstriction in cranial nerves.
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Amerge
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Patients taking Amerge should not take what other meds during treatment due to adverse interactions?
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SSRIs
ergot, ergot derivatives MAOIs |
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Patients taking Lasix should be advised to take it when?
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Early in the day to prevent sleeplessness.
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Patients taking Lasix should consume what kind of diet during treatment?
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high potassium diet or potassium replacement
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This is a loss of function resulting from disruption of the blood supply to a part of the brain.
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Ischemic Stroke
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This type of Ischemic Stroke is caused by atherosclerotic plaques in teh large blood vessels of the brain.
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Large Artery Thrombotic Stroke
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This type of ischemic stroke affects one or more vessels and are the most common type of ischemic stroke.
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Small Artery Thrombotic Stroke
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This type of ischemic stroke is associated with cardiac dysrhythmias, usually atrial fibrillation and also can be associated with valvular heart disease and thrombi in the left ventricle;
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cardiogenic embolic stroke
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What are the phases of Ischemic Strokes?
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cerebral blood flow decreases to less than 25mL per 100g per min; neurons no longer maintain aerobic respiration; mitochondria switch to anerobic respiration, generating lrg amounts of lactic acid, causing change in pH; switch renders neuron incapable of producing sufficient quantities of adenosine triphosphate; membrane pumps begin to fail and cells cease to function
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This drug is a barbituate used to treat sleeplessness, relief of anxiety and tension, adn certain types of seizures.
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Luminol
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This is a slowly progressing neuorlogic movement disorder that eventually leads to disability.
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Parkinson's Disease
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What is the most common form of Parkinson's?
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degeneration or idiopathic
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When does Parkinson's symptoms being to appear (usually)?
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the 5th decade of life
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What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson's Disease?
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-tremor
-rigidity -bradykinesia -postural instability |
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This is dilation of the walls of a cerebral artery that develops as a result of weakness in teh arterial wall.
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Cerebral Aneurysm
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These strokes account for 15% to 20% of cerebrovascular disorders and are primarily caused by intracranial or subarachnoid hemorrhage.
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Hemorrhagic Stroke
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THis is a condition of the 5th cranial nerve that is characterized by paroxysms of pain in the area innervated by any of the three branches, but most commonly the 2nd and 3rd branches of the trigeminal nerve.
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
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Involuntary contraction of facial muscles, causing sudden closing of the eye or twitching of the mouth is associated with what condition?
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Trigeminal Neuralgia
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This is caused by unilateral inflammation of the 7th cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of facial muscles in the affected side;
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Bell's palsy
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What medicatio therapy is often used to treat Bell's palsy?
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corticosteroid therapy (Prednisone)-reduces inflammaion and edema causing a reduction in vascular compression, permitting restoration of blood circulation to nerve
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This is an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerve mylin that reults in an acute, repid semental demyelination of peripheral nerves and some cranial nerves producing weakness with dyskinesia, hyperoflexia, and paresthesias.
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Giullian-Barr' Syndrome
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What does Giullian-Barr' Syndrome usually begin with?
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muscle weakness and diminished reflexes of the lower extremities.
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This disease belongs to a group of degenerative, infectious neurological disorders called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. It is very rare and has no identifiable cause.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Variant Creutzfeldt Disease
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A neurologic deficit lasting less than 24 hours, with most episodes resolving in less than 1 hour is termed:
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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
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What is TIA manifested by?
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a sudden loss of motor, sensory, or visual function
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What is the initial diagnostic test performed to diagnose TIA?
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CT
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Zomig is used to treat migraines; How is it believed to work?
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by narrowing the blood vessels around the brain and reducing substances in the body that can trigger headache, pain, nausea, sensitivity to light and sound, and other migraine symptoms.
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What is the 24 hour limit on Zomig?
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30mg
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What is the antiseizure med that can cause gingival hyperplasia?
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Dilantin
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This type of tumor causes dizziness, an ataxic or staggering gate with atendency to fall forward on the side of the lesion, marked muscle incoordination, and nystagmus.
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Cerebellar Tumor
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This type of tumor originates in the sheath of the acoustic nerve. Tinnitus and vertigo usually appear as first symptoms.
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Cerebellopontine Tumor
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This disease is of unknown origin in which there is a loss of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord and the motor nuclei of the lower brain stem.
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Acute Lateral Sclerosis
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What are the s/sx of acute lateral sclerosis?
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-fatigue
-progressive muscle weakness -cramps -fasciculations (twitching) -incordination |
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What drug may be useful for patients experiencing spasticity due to acute lateral sclerosis?
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Valium
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This form of spinal surgery is done by excision of the posterior arches and spinous processes of a vertebra.
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Laminectomy
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This type of tumor produces visual manifestations contralateral homonymous hemianopsia (visual loss is half of the visual field on the opposite side of the tumor) and visual hallucinations.
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Occipital Lobe Tumor
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What are the three types of bacteria that normally cause bacterial meningitis?
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Haemophilus influenzae type b, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
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What are the s/sx of bacterial meningitis?
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-high fever
-headache -stiff neck -additional symptoms: nauseas, vomiting, sensitivity to light, confusion, and sleepiness. |
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How is bacterial meningitis usually diagnosed?
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by growing bacteria from a sample of spinal fluid
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What drug may be given slowly in an attempt to halt seizures immediately?
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Ativan (lorazepam)
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What is brain death sign?
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-coma
-absence of brain-stem reflexes -apnea |
