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310 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Risk factors for eye disorders...
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Aging
Trauma Heredity Diabetes |
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Which of the following would not be considered an age-related disorder of the eye?
a) Lens opacities b) Increased orbital fat c) Loss of skin elasticity d) Loss of accomodation |
b) Increased orbital fat
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What is Glaucoma?
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Increased intraocular pressure
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What does Glaucoma cause?
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-Optic nerve damage
-progressive loss of peripheral and night vision |
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What are the clinical manifestations of Glaucoma?
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Halos
Headache |
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Types or Glaucoma
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Acute closed angle
Chronic closed angle Chronic open angle |
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What type of Glaucoma causes a sudden increase of pressure in the eye?
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Acute closed angle
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Which type of Glaucoma is considered the "silent thief of sight'?
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Chronic open angle
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What does Glaucoma lead to?
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damage to the optic disc
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What is Cataracts?
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Opacity of the lens
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What are the clinical manifestations of Cataracts?
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Blurred vision
Decreased visual acuity Decreased color perception |
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What medications are used for cataracts?
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Mydriatics
Cycloplegics |
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What type of surgery is done for cataracts?
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Removal of the lens
-extracapsular extraction -intracapsular extraction |
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Nursing management of Glaucoma
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Prevent further vision loss
Explain action and effects of medications Aid the patient in adjusting to vision loss or potential vision loss |
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Nursing management of Cataracts
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Preoperative care
Dilating eyedrops or other meds Call physician for vision changes, flashing lights, redness, swelling, significant pain |
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Corneal Transplant Surgery
R.S.V.P. |
R-Redness
S-swelling V-vision decrease P-pain |
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What is retinal detachment?
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separation of the retina (light-sensitive membrane) of the eye
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Is there pain with retinal detachment?
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No Pain
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What are the clinical manifestations of Retinal detachment?
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Flashes of light
Floaters Increased blurred vision Loss of a portion of FOV |
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Medical management of Retinal detachment
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Surgery is the only treatment
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Post-op Nuring considerations for Retinal detachment
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Same as corneal transplant
Avoid reading for 3-5 weeks |
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What is Macular degeneration?
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Deterioration of the macula
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What is the macula?
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the area of the retina where light rays converge.
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What causes Macular degeneration?
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Aging - thinning of the macular tissues
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What are the clinical manifestation sof Macular degeneration?
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Decrease in central vision Decrease in near vision
Blurred vision |
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How is Macular degeneration diagnosed?
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Amsler grid
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How is Macular degeneration treated?
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Laser
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Infectious and Inflammatory eye disorders?
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Dry eye syndrome
Conjunctivitis Uveitis Orbital cellulitis |
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What is Conjunctivitis?
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"Pink Eye"
Can be bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic, allergic, or toxic |
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Is conjunctivitis contaigious?
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Yes...All forms
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What is Uveitis?
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inflammation of the middle layer of the eye
-causes photophobia |
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What are the signs of an eye infection?
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Fever
Pain Red eyelids Swelling |
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What is Diabetic Retinopathy?
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vascular changes in retinal blood vessels
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What is the most common incidence in diabetics?
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diabetic retinopathy
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What is the most common manifestation of diabetic retinopathy?
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floaters
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What is the best way to prevent diabetic retinopathy?
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Teach good diabetes management
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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sound waves are blocked due to external or middle ear disorders
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Is conductive hearing loss permanent?
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No
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How is conductive hearing loss corrected?
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with minimal or no damage to hearing
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What is sensorineural hearing loss?
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Pathological process of inner ear
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Is sensorineural hearing loss permanent?
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Yes
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Causes of sensorineural hearing loss
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Damage to inner ear structures
Damage to cranial nerve VII Prolonged exposure to loud noise Medications Trauma Infections Meniere's Syndrome |
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Medical Management of Hearing loss
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Cochlear Implant
Hearing Aids |
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Which type of hearing loss are hearing aids most effective in?
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Conductive Hearing Loss
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What is Presbycusis?
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Degeneration of ganglion cells in the cochlea
Loss of elasticity of Basilar membranes |
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Clinical Manifestations of Presbycusis
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Gradual, Bilateral hearing loss
Pt thinks people are mumbling Difficulty understanding words |
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What is the best tone to use to spek to a person with presbycusis?
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Low, pitched voice
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What is External Otitis?
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Infective inflammatory or allergic response
"Swimmer's Ear" |
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What are the clinical manifestations of External otitis?
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Redness
Swelling Pain Conductive Hearing Loss |
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What does External Otitis usually stem from?
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Staph Infection
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What is Otitis Media?
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Acute or Chronic infective inflammatory or allergic response involvong structures of the middle ear.
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If otitis media is left untreated, what is the result?
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Mastoiditis
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Clinical manifestations of otitis media
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Pain from pressure
Hearing loss Tinnitis, dizziness, vertigo Fever, malaise N&V Bulging Tympanic membrane |
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Which type of ear infection is most common in children
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Otitis Media
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What is Otosclerosis
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Disease of the Labyrinthine capsule of the middle ear
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What does otosclerosis result in?
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bony overgrowths, causing fixation of bones
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What does otosclerosis lead to?
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Conductive hearing loss
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What happens if otosclerosis spreads to the inner ear?
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sensorineural hearing loss
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Clinical manifestations of otosclerosis
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Slow, progressive hearing loss
Tinnitus May involve both ears Pinkish coloring of Tympanic membrane |
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What is Gout?
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A type of arthritis where uric acid builds up in the joints
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Acute gout
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typically affects one joint
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Chronic gout
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repeated episodes of pain and inflammation
May involve more than one joint |
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Symptoms of Gout?
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Develop suddenly and usually only involve only one or a few joints
May be fever attack may go away in several days |
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Which joints are most commonly affected in gout?
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Big toe, knee, ankle
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When does gout pain usually start?/
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During the night
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What does a gouty joint look like?
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Warm, red and very tender
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What kind of pain is associated with gout?
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throbbing, crushing, excruciating
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Tx for Gout
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NSAIDs
Prescription strength pain meds for 4-10 days Corticosteroids |
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Foods to avoid with Gout
*fatty, |
Alcohol
Anchovies, sardines, oils, herring Organ Meat (liver, kidney) Legumes Gravies Mushrooms Spinach, Asparagus, cauliflower |
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What is Labyrinthitis?
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INfection of the labyrinth of the inner ear
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What is Labyrinthitis a complication of?
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acute or chronic otitis media
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What are the S/Sx of labyrinthitis?
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Hearing loss on affected side
Tinnitus Vertigo N/V Nystagmus to affected side |
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What is Meniere's Syndrome?
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Build up of fluid in the inner ear
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What is the pathophysiology of Meniere's Syndrome?
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dilation of the endolymphatic system by overproduction or decreased reabsorption of endolymphatic fluid
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What does repeated damage to the cochlea lead to?
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Permanent hearing loss
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What is the most important nursing interaction with Meniere's Syndrome?
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SAFETY!!
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What are the clinical manifestations of meniere's Syndrome?
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Feeling of fullness in the ear
Tinnitus Hearing loss worsens during attacks Intense vertigo N/V Nystagmus Headaches |
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What is Nystagmus?
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twitching muscle spasm of the eye
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What is acoustic neuroma?
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benign tumor of the vestibular or acoustic nerve
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What happens in Acoustic neuroma?
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May cause damage to hearing and to movement/sensation
Rarely recurs after removal |
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What are the S/Sx of acoustic neuroma?
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Gradual sensorineural hearing loss
Damage to adjacent cranial nerves |
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Medical management of acoustic neuroma
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Surgical removal via craniotomy
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Does acoustic neuroma respond well to chemo and radiation?
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No
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What are post-op considerations for acustic neuroma?
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Monitor for facial nerve paralysis
Drainage Cerebral Edema |
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Important consideration for appendicitis?
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DO NOT LIE FLAT!
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What is the purpose of a cast?
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Immobilizes body part
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Types of cast composition? Benefits to each?
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Plaster - Stronger
Fiberglass - waterproof |
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Nursing care of client with a cast
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Neurovascular checks
Assess for infection Teach proper crutch walking |
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Complications R/T fractures
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Compartment Syndrome
Fat embolism DVT Reflex sympathetic dystrophy |
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What is compartment syndrome?
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Increased pressure from hemorrhage or edema
Pressure from cast being too tight |
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What does compartment syndrome result in?
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Nerve, vessel, and muscle damage
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What is priority nursing consideration for patient with compartment syndrome?
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Maintain affected extremity at heart level
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What is Fat embolism syndrome?
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globules of fat, released from fractured bone, mix with platelets
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S/Sx of Fat embolus
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Dyspnea, hypoxia, agitation
Same as pulmonary embolus |
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What is the difference between a fat embolus and a pulmonary embolus?
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Petechiae
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Tx of fat embolus
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Maintain pulmonary function
Fluid balance Steroid treatment STABILIZE LONG BONE FX!! |
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What is reflex sympathetic dystrophy?
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excitation of nervous tissue
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S/Sx of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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Persistent pain
Hyperasthesias Swelling Skin color changes Temperature changes |
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Tx of reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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Threat Symptoms
Alpha or Beta blockers |
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Post op considerations for hip replacement
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Hip precautions for 6 weeks
No leg crossing, internal rotation, or adduction |
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Potential complications of hip replacement
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Hemorrhage
Peripheral neurovascular dysfunction DVT Pulmonary complications Pressure ulcers |
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Pain relief after hip fx/replacement
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Administer analgesics
Buck's traction Handle extremity gently Support extremity with pillows Positioning Alternative pain relief measures |
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Interventions for hip fx/replacement
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Orient to environment
Safety Participation in self care Coughing, deep breathing Adequate hydration TED hose or SCDs Ankle exercises Teaching (pt & fam) |
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What are the common causes for an amputation?
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PVD
Trauma Infections Tumors |
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Goals of care for amputation
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Pain relief
Wound healing Acceptance of altered body image Resolution of grieving processes absence of complications |
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Teaching for a client with an amputation
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Wrap stump
Positioning stump Stump exercises Physical activities Household modifications Referrals for social services |
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How to wrap a stump
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figure 8 pattern
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How to position stump for first 24 hours after amputation?
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elevate
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How to position a stump after the 1st 24 hours
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Gentle range of motion to prevent contracture
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Pain relief for amputation
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Analgesics
Position changing TENS unit Light sandbag on residual limb |
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Nursing care of the patient with low back pain
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Pain relief
Improved physical mobility Proper body mechanics Improved self esteem Weight reduction |
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What is Osteoporosis?
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Loss of total bone mass, by increased rate of bone resorption, decreased rate of bone formation
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What happens to the bones in Osteoporosis?
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become porous, brittle, fragile, and break easily under stress
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What does Osteoporosis result in?
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Compression fractures of the spine
Femur/hip fractures Colles fx of the wrist |
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Prevention of Osteoporosis
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Balanced Diet
High calcium and Vitamin D intake Regular weight bearing exercises Calcitonin |
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What does regular weight bearing exercise promote?
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Stimulates bone mineral density
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What do you want to assess for in a pt with osteoporosis?
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Corticosteroid use
Alcohol, caffeine intake Smoking |
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Interventions for osteoporosis
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Pain relief
Improve bowel elimination Injury prevention |
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What is Osteomalacia?
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metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate bone mineralization
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What does osteomalacia do?
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softens and weakens the long bones, causing pain, tenderness and deformities
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What causes osteomalacia?
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Activated vitamin D deficiency
-GI disorders -severe renal insufficiency -hyperparathyroidism -dietary deficiency |
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Treatment of Osteomalacia
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Correct underlying cause
Increased Vitamin D and calcium intake Handle pt carefully Address pain and discomfort |
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Why must the patient with osteomalacia be handles carefully?
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increased risk of fractures
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What is Paget's Disease?
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Disorder of localized bone turnover
(rapid bone turnover) |
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What is Paget's Disease also known as?
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Osteitis Deformans
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What are pts with Paget's Disease at risk for?
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fractures, arthritis and hearing loss
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S/Sx of Paget's Disease
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Skeletal deformities
Mild to mod aching pain Tenderness and warmth over the bones May be attributed to old age or arthritis |
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What is Osteomyelitis?
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Infection of the bone
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Why does osteomyelitis occur?
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Extension of sift tissue infection
Direct bone contamination Blood-borne spread from another infection site |
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What causes Osteomyelitis?
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Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas E. coli |
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What are risk factors for Osteomyelitis?
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Elderly
Obesity Lupus Previous bone injury |
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S/Sx of Osteomyelitis
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localized pain
edema erythema fever drainage |
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when does fever occur with chronic osteomyelitis?
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low grade fever in the afternoon or evening
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Interventions for osteomyelitis
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Pain relief
Restricted activity Gentle ROM ADLs Vitamin C and protein Adequate hydration |
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#1 remedy for sprains and strains
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RICE!
Rest Ice Compression Elevation |
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Contusion
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soft tissue injury produced by blunt force
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Strain
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pulled muscle injury to the musculoteninous unit
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Sprain
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Injury to ligaments and supporting muscle fiber around a joint
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Dislocation
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articular surfaces of the joint are not in contact
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S/Sx of contusion
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pain, swelling, and discoloration
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S/Sx of Strain
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Pain, edema, muscle spasms, ecchymosis, loss of function
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S/Sx of Sprain
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Joint is tender, movement is painful, edema, disability
Pain increased during first 2-3 hours |
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S/Sx of Dislocation
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change in contour, axis and length of limb, loss of mobility
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What is tendonitits?
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inflammation of tendon from overuse
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What is GERD?
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
acidic secretions reflux into the esophagus |
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S/Sx of GERD
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Heartburn
Regurgitation Dysphagia Bleeding |
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Complications of GERD
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Aspiration
Scar tissue |
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How is GERD diagnosed?
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Barium Swallow
Esophagoscopy |
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GERD Interventions
Lifestyle changes |
Dietary (avoid alcohol, sweets, caffeine, spicy, acidic)
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medical interventions for GERD
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Antacids
H2 receptor antagonists (prevacid) Proton pump inhibitors (nexium) |
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Why to avoid dairy products with GERD
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Stimulates acid secretion
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What is gastritis?
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inflammation of the stomach lining
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What are the S/Sx of gastritis?
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Abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia
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Tx of Gastritis
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Remove irritating substance
-Meds, aspirin, NSAIDS, steroids Bland diet Antacids Small, frequent meals |
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Common sign of gastritis
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Bloating, belching
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When do antacids work the best?
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When taken after a meal
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What bacteria causes gastritis?
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helicobacter pylori
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what does chronic gastritis lead to?
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Pernicious Anemia
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What is the biggest complication of Gastritis?
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Malnutrition
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The biggest complicatiopn of gastritis?
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Malnutrition
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What is dumping syndrome?
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Rapid gastric emptying
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Complications of gastric surgery
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Hemorrhage
Gastric distention Nutritional problems |
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What is necessary after gastric surgery?
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Lifelong B12 injections
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Complications of gastric surgery
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Steatorrhea
Pyloric obstruction Dumping syndrome |
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What is the first sign of appendicitis?
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Pain around belly button (periumbilical)
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Where does appendicitis pain radiate?
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RLQ - McBurney's Point
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What does sudden pain relief in appendicitis indicate?
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ruptured appendix
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What is peritonitis?
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Abdominal infection caused by ruptured appendix
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what can peritonitis lead to?
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septic shock
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What are risk factors for diverticulitis/osis?
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Low fiber diet
Increased age Chronic constipation |
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Therapeutic interventions for diverticulitis/osis?
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Prevent constipation
IV antibiotics Pain control Surgery |
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What are fistulas?
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Abnormal tunneling connecting two body cavities
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Tx of fistulas
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surgery
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What is ulcerative colitis?
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inflammatory bowel disease of the large colon and rectum
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S/Sx of ulcerative colitis
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Abdominal pain
5-20 stools per day Rectal bleeding Fecal urgency Weight loss Vomiting |
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Ulcerative causes increased risk of...?
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colon cancer
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Therapeutic interventions for ulcerative colitis
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Avoid offending foods
-spicy, fatty, gaseous, dairy, acidic |
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Medications used for ulcerative colitis
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Antiinflammatories
Antidiarrheals Immunosuppressants Corticosteroids |
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What is irritable bowel syndrome?
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Altered intestinal motility
Increased sensitivity to visceral sensations |
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What are risk factors for colon cancer?
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Polyps
Increased red meat intake Age over 60 |
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Treatment of colon cancer
|
depends on the stage of the cancer
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Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Increase fiber
Avoid trigger foods Smaller, more frequent meals Stress management |
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What is Hepatitis?
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Inflammation of the cells of the liver
Usually caused by a virus |
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How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
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Fecal/Oral
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How are Hepatitis B and C transmitted?
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Blood/Body fluid
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Which Hepatitis viruses cause cirrhosis of the liver?
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B and C
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Which Hepatitis virus causes no permanent liver damage?
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A
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How to prevent Hepatitis
|
Cleanliness
Vaccines (A&B only) Standard precautions |
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Therapeutic interventions for Hepatitis
|
Rest
Nutrition INTERFERON Antivirals |
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What causes cirrhosis of the liver?
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Chronic alcohol ingestion
Hepatotoxins Hepatitis Gallbladder obstruction Heart failure |
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Is cirrhosis reversible?
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NO
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S/Sx of Cirrhosis
|
Hepatic encephalopathy
Jaundice Oliguria Bruising Abnormal Bleeding |
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What is esophageal varices?
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dilated blood vessels in the esophagus
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Sign of esophageal varices?
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Increased amount of blood in emesis
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Tx of Cirrhosis
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Decrease alcohol intake
Low protein diet Lactulose Better nutrition |
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Signs of liver transplant rejection
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Pulse >100bpm
Temp >101 RUQ pain Increased jaundice Elevated liver enzymes Decreased bile from t-tube |
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Cancer of the liver
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Usually mets from another site
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Risk factors for liver cancer
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Chronic Hep B
Nutritional deficiencies Exposure to hepatotoxins |
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S/Sx of liver cancer
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Encephalopathy
Bleeding Jaundice Ascites |
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Cholecystitis
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Inflammation of the gall bladder
|
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cholelithiasis
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Gall stones
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Choledocholithiasis
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Stones in common bile ducts
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Pain in appendicitis
|
Starts dull and steady in periumbilical area, progresses to RLQ over 4-6 hours
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#1 sign of peritonitis
|
Board-like abdomen
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Biggest nursing consideration for bowel obstruction
|
Identify!!
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the higher the bowel obstruction...
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...the quicker the symptoms
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Vomiting with bowel obstruction...
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...may turn malodorous with fecal smell
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S/Sx of bowel obstruction
|
Extreme constipation
Failure to pass flatus |
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When does Crohn's Disease peak?
|
ages 15-40
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Later S/Sx of Crohn's Disease
|
Weight loss
Dehydration Electrolyte imbalance Anemia |
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Which GI disease affects both the large and small intestines?
|
Crohn's Disease
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Important nutritional considerations with Dumping syndrome
|
No fluids with meals
No high carbs Eat small meals Watch carbs and starches |
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Osteoporosis Risk factors
*ACCESS* |
Alcohol use
Corticosteroid use Calcium low Estrogen low Smoking Sedentary lifestyle |
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Access leads to...
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Osteoporosis
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Hepatitis with a vowel comes from the...
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Bowel
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Hepatitis D
|
Super infection with Hep B
|
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Increased intracranial pressure S/Sx
(opposite if shock) |
Increased BP
Decreased pulse Decreased respirations |
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What is Parkinson's Disease?
|
A progressive degenerative disease of the extrapyramidal system
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What is Parkinson's associated with?
|
Dopamine deficiency
|
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Causes of Parkinson's
|
Imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine in basal ganglia
Cerebrovascular disease Drugs Head trauma |
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Key S/Sx of Parkinson's
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"Pill rolling" tremors
Shuffling gait Stiff joints Masklike facial expression Dyskinesia Stooped posture "Cogwheel" rigidity |
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Treatment of Parkinsons
|
High-residue, High-calorie, high-protein diet
Soft foods Anticholinergics Antidepreesants Dopamine receptor agents |
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Key Nursing interventions for Parkinsons
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Assess neurovascular and respiratory status
Prevent falls Reinforce gait training |
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Key complications of Parkinsons
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Depression
Injury Aspiration Corneal ulceration |
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What is Multiple Sclerosis (MS)?
|
Progressive immune-mediated demyelinating disease of motor and sensory neurons
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|
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Causes of MS
|
Autoimmune disease
Virus Genetic Disposition |
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Key S/Sx of MS
|
Weakness
Nystagmus Diplopia Blurred vision Paresthesia Impaired sensation Optic neuritis |
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Treatment of MS
|
Plasmapheresis
Muscle relaxant Glucocorticoids Immunosuppressant Skeletal muscle relaxant |
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Key nursing interventions for MS
|
Assess neurologic status
Maintain active and passive ROM Establish bowel and bladder elimination |
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Key complications of MS
|
UTI
Rep tract infection Depression |
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What is Myasthenia Gravis?
|
Neuromuscular disorder that results in weakness of voluntary muscles
|
|
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Causes of Myasthenia Gravis
|
Insufficient acetylcholine
Autoimmune disease |
|
|
Key S/Sx of Myasthenia Gravis
|
Muscle weakness (increases with activity)
Dysphagia Dysarthria Dysphonia |
|
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Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
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High-calorie diet
Activity as tolerated Plasmaphoresis anticholinasterases |
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Key nursing interventions for Myasthenia Gravis
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Assess neurologic and Respiratory status
Assess swallow and gag reflexes Administer meds before meals to maximize muscles for swallowing. |
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What does interferon do?
|
Helps regulate immune system
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When does MS strike?
|
20-40s
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What is Guillain-Barre syndrome?
|
Inflammation of spinal and cranial nerves
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What is characteristic of Guillain-Barre?
|
Ascending paralysis
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S/Sx of stage 1 Guillain-Barre
|
Abrupt onset weakness and paralysis
May affect respiration ANS effects |
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S/Sx of stage 2 Guillain-Barre
|
Plateau
Progression stopped |
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S/Sx of stage 3 Guillain-Barre
|
Recovery
|
|
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Complications of Guillain-Barre
|
Repiratory failure
Infection Depression |
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Treatment of Guillain-Barre
|
Steroids
Plasmapheresis Life support Rehab |
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Simple partial seizure
|
symptoms are confined to one hemisphere
|
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Complex partial seizure
|
Symptoms begin in one focal area, and spread to both hemispheres
|
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Types of Generalized seizures
|
Absence (petit mal)
Myoclonic Clonic Tonic Tonic-Clonic (grand mal) Atonic Akinetic |
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What is an absence (petit mal) seizure?
|
Loss of responsiveness
Continued ability to maintain posture control and not fall |
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What is a tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure?
|
Violent total body seizure
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S/Sx of absence seizure
|
Can have 100 daily
Twitching eyelids Lip smacking Staring No postictal symptoms |
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S/Sx of tonic-clonic seizure
|
Aura
Tonic first (20-40 seconds) Clonic next Postictal symptoms Incontinence |
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Causes of seizures
|
Idiopathic
Head injury Brain tumor |
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Treating seizure disorders
|
Seizure precautions
Anticonvulsants Diazepam (status epilipeticus) |
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Care during seizure
|
Pad side rails
Prevent injury Monitor airway Observe and document |
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Complications of seizure disorder
|
Musculoskeletal injury
Hypoxia |
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Status Epilepticus
|
Life threatening
30 minutes of seizure activity |
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What is a TIA?
|
"mini-stroke"
Temporary impairment of cerebral circulation Resolves within 24 hours |
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|
S/Sx of TIA
|
Depends on part of the brain affected
-Visual disturbances -Speech difficulty -Weakness -Paralysis -Confusion |
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What causes TIA?
|
Atherosclerosis
Emboli |
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Treatment of TIA
|
Coumadin
Antihypertensives Antiplatelet agents |
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What is CVA?
|
Stroke, Brain accident
Infarction and death of brain tissue Permanent Damage |
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What causes CVA?
|
Deficient blood supply (thrombotic, embolic)
Bleeding into the brain |
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Non-modifiable risk factors for CVA
|
Age
male gender African american |
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Modifiable risk factors for CVA
|
Hypertension
CV disease Elevated cholesterol Obesity Diabetes Smoking Alcohol use |
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What does Right CVA affect?
|
Motor function
|
|
|
What does Left CVA affect
|
Cognitive
|
|
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Effects of Right Sided CVA
|
Left side paralyzed
Spacial-perceptual deficits Short attention span Impaired judgement Impulsive |
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Effects of Left Sided CVA
|
Right side paralyzed
Impaired speech and language Slow performance Aware of deficits Impaired comprehension |
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Treatment of CVA
|
TIME IS BRAIN!!
Thrombolytic therapy must be given within 3 hours to be effective Anticoagulants Airway management Surgery |
|
|
Long term effects of CVA
|
Motor function
Aphasia Emotional lability Impaired judgement Unilateral neglect |
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|
What is an aneurysm?
|
Weakness in artery wall
|
|
|
What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?
|
Bleed from aneurysm, AV malformation, or Head trauma
|
|
|
S/Sx of hemorrhage
|
Severe headache
IICP Photophobia Vomiting Seizures Stiff neck |
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|
Treatment of hemorrhage
|
Craniotomy
Blood pressure control Invasive monitoring |
|
|
Complications of hemorrhage
|
Rebleed
Hydrocephalus Vasospasm |
|
|
What does Head trauma result in?
|
Hemorrhage
Contusion Laceration |
|
|
Warning signs the first 24 hours after head injury
|
Changes in LOC
Seizures Drainage from the nose (blood, H2O) Pupils slow to react or unequal Vision problems Loss of sensation Slurred speech Projectile vomiting |
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|
Treatment for head injury
|
Surgical removal of hematoma
Control IICP Therapeutic coma |
|
|
Complications of head injury
|
Diabetes Insipidus
acute hydrocephalus Labile vital signs Posttraumatic syndrome Cog and personality changes |
|
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Spinal cord injury does not mean...
|
...that the spinal cord is broken!
|
|
|
What is a spinal cord injury?
|
damage to nerve fibers
*interference with blood flow and brain/body communication |
|
|
Causes of spinal cord injury
|
MVA
Falls Sports injuries Assault |
|
|
S/Sx of Cervical injury
|
Paralysis
Paresthesias Impaired respiration Loss of bladder/bowel control Quadriplegia/paresis |
|
|
Spinal injury at C2 or above...
|
...fatal
|
|
|
S/Sx Thoracic/Lumbar injury
|
Paraplegia/paresis
Bowel and bladder control affected |
|
|
What is meningitis?
|
infection and inflammation of pia mater, subarachnoid and arachnoid space
Possible cranial nerve involvement |
|
|
S/Sx of meningitis
|
Similar to the Flu!!
-Severe headache -Fever -Photophobia -Petechial rash |
|
|
Late S/Sx of meningitis
|
Nuchal rigidity
N/V Encephalopathy Changes in LOC |
|
|
Complications of meningitis
|
Hydrocephalus
Seizures Resp impairment |
|
|
Ensephalitis is passed by...
|
...mosquitos
|
|
|
What is encephalitis?
|
Inflammation of brain tissue
|
|
|
What does encephalitis result in?
|
nerve damage
IICP Neuro effects depend on area of brain affected |
|
|
S/Sx of encephalitis
|
Headache
Fever N/V Nuchal rigidity confusion seizures photophobia |
|
|
Complications of encephalitis
|
cognitive disabilities
personality changes ongoing seizures motor deficits blindness |
|
|
Treatment of encephalitis
|
treat the symptoms
|
|
|
What is trigeminal neuralgia?
|
Neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve
Affects sensory portion of nerve |
|
|
S/Sx of trigeminal neuralgia
|
Pain on one side of face
|
|
|
TX of trigeminal neuralgia
|
Anticonvulsants (muscle relaxants)
Nerve blocks Surgery |
|
|
What is Bell's Palsy?
|
Inflammation and edema of facial nerve
|
|
|
What is Huntington's disease?
|
Degeneration of parts of the brain
|
|
|
S/Sx of Huntington's
|
Dementia
Choreiform movements Dysphagia Depression Death |
|
|
Tx of Huntington's
|
Antipsychotics
Antidepressants Antichorea agents Fetal tissue transplants |
|
|
S/Sx of Stage 1 Alzheimer's
|
Increasing forgetfulness
|
|
|
S/Sx of Stage 2 Alzheimer's
|
Progressive memory loss
Irritability Depression Aphasia Sleep disruption Hallucinations Seizures |
|
|
S/Sx of Stage 3 Alzheimer's
|
Complete dependency
Loss of bowel and bladder control Loss of emotional control Inability to recognize significant others |
|
|
Medical Treatment of Alzheimer's
|
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Antidepressants Antipsychotics Antianxiety agents |
|
|
Best method of mental stimulation for Alzheimer's
|
Crossword puzzles
Memory games |
|
|
What is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
(ALS, Lou Gherig's Disease) |
Degeneration of peripheral motor neurons
Blocked nerve impulse transmission Muscle weakness and atrophy |
|
|
S/Sx of ALS
|
Progressive muscle weakness
Decreased coordination Muscle spasms Speech difficulty Pulmonary comprimise Death in 3-5 years |
|
|
Treatment of ALS
|
*Focus on symptomatic relief
Muscle relaxants PT/OT/ST Pain control Tube feedings Prevent infection |
