Medsurg Diseases- Urinary System

Front 1

Hypoplasia

Back 1

Defective development of renal tissue that makes the kidney smaller in size. Can be bilateral but usually unilateral. Incidental finding, no treatment.

Front 2

Agenesis

Back 2

Congenital absence of an organ, no treatment.

Front 3

Renal ectopia

Back 3

Abnormally positioned kidney, diagnosed by IVP or CT. Can be in an abnormal location or malrotated. No treatment.

Front 4

Horseshoe kidney

Back 4

Lower poles of kidneys are fused. Diagnosed by KUB, IVP, or CT. No treatment.

Front 5

Supernumerary kidney

Back 5

More than two kidneys.

Front 6

Duplication/ bifid collecting systems

Back 6

More than one renal pelvis/ ureter. Diagnosed by IVP. No treatment.

Front 7

Ureterocele

Back 7

Dilated terminal segment of ureter near its insertion in the bladder (sac like formation at UCJ). Diagnosed on IVP. Eventually the renal capsule deteriorates because of pressure.

Front 8

Pyelonephritis

Back 8

Acute inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma (interstitial tissue between tubules).
Diagnosed by IVP, CT, US, urinalysis.

Front 9

Treatment of Ureterocele

Back 9

Surgically removed or stented.

Front 10

Treatment of pyelonephritis

Back 10

Antibiotics and percutaneous drainage.

Front 11

Radiographic appearance of pyelonephritis

Back 11

Blunting/ clubbing of calyces, large pelvis, squeezed collecting tubules.

Front 12

Glomerularnephritis

Back 12

Inflammation of the cortex of the renal tissue.

Front 13

Treatment of glomerularnephritis

Back 13

Corticosteroids for immune suppression and antibiotics for infection.

Front 14

Radiographic appearance of glomerularnephritis

Back 14

Normal to increased kidney size.

Front 15

Tuberculosis

Back 15

The spread of TB to the kidneys can cause an ulcerative, destructive process that occurs in tips of papillae or enlargement of calyces. Diagnosed by KUB, CT, or IVP.

Front 16

Treatment of TB

Back 16

Antibiotics/ antivirals, may consider kidney removal. Disrupts filtrations which may lead to kidney failure.

Front 17

Radiographic appearance of TB

Back 17

Irregularity and enlargement of calyces, scarring, calcifications.

Front 18

Cystitis

Back 18

Inflammation of the urinary bladder, most common in women and children. Bacteria eats away at the mucosal layer of the bladder. Diagnosed by IVP or cystogram.

Front 19

Cause of cystitis

Back 19

Spread of bacteria from fecal matter into bladder.

Front 20

Treatment of cystitis

Back 20

Antibiotics, decrease trauma to area, increase citric acid intake, hygiene.

Front 21

Radiographic appearance of cystitis

Back 21

Irregularity of bladder wall
Thickened wall
Filled with gaseous material

Front 22

Renal calculi

Back 22

Calcifications within the urinary system. Diagnosed by KUB, CT, IVU, US.

Front 23

Formation of renal calculi

Back 23

Excessive calcium uptake
UTIs
Decreased fluid intake

Front 24

Composition of renal calculi

Back 24

Calcium
Phosphate (bacterial infection, staghorn calculi)
Oxalate
Magnesium
Ammonium
Uric acid (protein breakdown)
Cystine (radiolucent , looks like air bubble)

Front 25

Common locations of renal calculi

Back 25

Points of narrowing (junctions)

Front 26

Treatments of renal calculi

Back 26

Pain medication
Fluids
Stone removal
Nephro lithotripsy

Front 27

Radiographic appearance of renal calculi

Back 27

Filling defects
Radioopaque calcium

Front 28

Possible causes of obstructions of the urinary system

Back 28

Urinary calculi
Pelvic tumors
Urethral strictures
Enlargement of the prostate

Front 29

Treatment of urinary system obstructions

Back 29

Decompression to prevent damage
Percutaneous nephrostomy to demonstrate obstruction and provide drainage
Treat cause of obstruction

Front 30

Hydronephrosis

Back 30

Too much fluid in the kidneys (usually due to obstruction) leads to thinning of the cortex due to excessive pressure

Front 31

Radiographic appearance of hydronephrosis

Back 31

Dilation of the pelvicalyceal system proximal to obstruction

Front 32

Cause of hydronephrosis

Back 32

Ureteral obstruction

Front 33

Treatment of hydronephrosis

Back 33

Drainage
Stent
Decrease fluid intake

Front 34

Renal cyst

Back 34

Fluid filled sac that can increase pressure on surrounding organs, glands, and vascular structures. Can be divided into chambers or unilocular.

Front 35

Radiographic appearance of renal cyst

Back 35

Filling defects
Outlined cortex

Front 36

Cause of renal cysts

Back 36

Clogged tubule in capsule

Front 37

Treatments of renal cysts

Back 37

Drain - may resolve on its own
If it ruptures, urine is sterile so its OK

Front 38

Polycystic disease

Back 38

Inherited disorder in which many cysts cause enlargement of the kidney and renal impairment.

Front 39

Radiographic appearance of polycystic disease

Back 39

Multiple enlarged lucent lesions
Hemorrhagic cysts with increased attenuation

Front 40

Complications of polycystic disease

Back 40

Pressure to surrounding areas organs, possible berry aneurysms at areas of bifurcations. Liver problems because of pressure.

Front 41

Treatment options of polycystic disease

Back 41

Dialysis
Antiinflammatory meds
Pain meds
Controlled fluid/ electrolyte balance
Diet control (salt intake)
Drain some cysts to relieve pressure

Front 42

Renal carcinoma

Back 42

Most common malignant renal cancer. Diagnosed by US, CT, MR, biopsy (once capsule is broken there is a higher propensity for spread though!)

Front 43

Radiographic appearance of renal carcinoma

Back 43

Unusual bowel patterns
Air defects
Calcifications=cancer 90% of the time

Front 44

Possible causes of renal carcinoma

Back 44

May be caused by smoking, chemicals in food, chronic inflammation.

Front 45

Treatment of renal carcinoma

Back 45

Radical nephrectomy
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Prognosis is poor

Front 46

List common types of renal tumors.

Back 46

Adenocarcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor)

Front 47

Wilm's tumor

Back 47

Most common abdominal tumor or infancy/ childhood

Front 48

Radiographic appearance of Wilm's tumor

Back 48

Large palpable mass
Kidney displacement
Bowel air patterns
Well encapsulated
Grows fast

Front 49

Treatments of Wilm's tumor

Back 49

Surgical removal
Chemotherapy
Radiation

Front 50

Stats of a Wilm's tumor

Back 50

1 in 13000 children affected
More common under age 5
85% cure rate
The younger the child the better the prognosis

Front 51

Bladder carcinoma

Back 51

Cancer of the wall of the bladder, more frequent in Caucasian men, smoking is the most significant risk factor.

Front 52

Radiographic appearance of bladder carcinoma

Back 52

Calcifications, wall thickening, and masses projecting into the bladder wall.

Front 53

Treatment of bladder carcinoma

Back 53

Surgical removal of tumor or removal of bladder and redirection of ureters into lumen.

Front 54

Renal failure

Back 54

Rapid deterioration of kidney function. Diagnosed by US usually, blood tests and tomograms as well. IVP is contrainticated.

Front 55

Cause of renal failure

Back 55

Obstruction of outflow

Front 56

Treatment of renal failure

Back 56

Medication
Dialysis
Transplant

Front 57

Complications of renal failure

Back 57

Nervous system: twitching caused by low potassium, high calcium.
Parathyroid hormone: stone formation
Edema: fluid fills interstitial spaces due to back up
CHF: high fluid levels