Medsurg Ch. 17

Front 1

homeostasis

Back 1

the stable internal environment of the body

Front 2

electrolytes

Back 2

substances whose molecules dissociate, or split into ions, when they are placed in water

Front 3

cations

Back 3

positively charged ions

Front 4

anions

Back 4

negatively charged ions

Front 5

diffusion

Back 5

the movement of molecules from an area of hign concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 6

facilitated diffusion

Back 6

involves the use of a protein carrier in the cell membrane; passive and requires no energy

Front 7

active transport

Back 7

a process in which molecules move against the concentration gradient; external energy required

Front 8

osmosis

Back 8

the movement of water "down" a concentration gradient from a region of low solute concentration to one of high solute concentration, across a semipermeable membrane

Front 9

osmotic pressure

Back 9

the solution's pulling strength

Front 10

osmolarity

Back 10

measures the concentration of molecules per weight of water

Front 11

hydrostatic pressure

Back 11

the force within the fluid compartment

Front 12

oncotic pressure

Back 12

the osmotic pressure caused by plasma colloids in solution.

Front 13

edema

Back 13

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces(occurs if venous hydrostatic pressure rises, plasma oncotic pressure decreases, or interstitial oncotic pressure falls.

Front 14

fluid spacing

Back 14

a term used to describe the distribution of body water.

Front 15

hypovolemia

Back 15

ECF volume deficit

Front 16

hypervolemia

Back 16

ECF volume excess

Front 17

fluid volume deficit

Back 17

can occur with abnormal loss of body fluids, inadequate intake, or a shift of fluid from plasma into interstitial fluids

Front 18

dehydration

Back 18

loss of pure water alone without a corresponding loss of sodium

Front 19

hypernatremia

Back 19

an elevated serum sodium; may occur with water loss or sodium gain

Front 20

potassium concentration(normal)

Back 20

ECF 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Front 21

hyperkalemia

Back 21

(high serum potassium) may result from impaired renal excretion, a shift of potassium from ICF to ECF, a massive intake of potassium, or a combination of both.

Front 22

hypokalemia

Back 22

(low serum potassium) can result from increased loss of potassium, from an increased shift of potassium from ECF to ICF, or rarely from deficient dietary potassium intake.

Front 23

hypercalcemia

Back 23

(high serum calcium) is caused by hyperparathyroidism in about 2/3 of the cases.

Front 24

hypocalcemia

Back 24

(low serum calcium) can be caused by any condition that decreases the production of PTH.

Front 25

tetany

Back 25

increased nerve excitability and sustained muscle contraction

Front 26

Chvostek's sign

Back 26

contraction of facial muscles in response to a tap over the facial nerve in front of the ear

Front 27

Trousseau's sign

Back 27

refers to carpal spasms induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff on the arm

Front 28

hyperphosphatemia

Back 28

(high serum phosphate) is commonly caused by acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease, which results in an altered ability of the kidneys to excrete phosphate.

Front 29

hypophosphatemia

Back 29

(low serum phosphate) is rare, but may occur in the patient who is malnourished or has a malabsorption syndrome; alcohol withdrawal.

Front 30

hypermagnesemia

Back 30

(high serum magnesium level) usually occurs only with an increase in magnesium intake accompanied by renal insufficiency or failure.

Front 31

hypomagnesemia

Back 31

(low serum magnesium level) occurs in patients with limited magnesium intake or increased renal losses.

Front 32

buffers

Back 32

act chemically to change strong acids into weaker acids or to bind acids to neutralize their effects

Front 33

respiratory acidosis

Back 33

(carbonic acid excess) occurs whenever the person hypoventilates.

Front 34

respiratory alkalosis

Back 34

(carbonic acid deficit) occurs with hyperventilation

Front 35

metabolic acidosis

Back 35

(base bicarbonate deficit) occurs when an acid other than carbonic acid accumulates in the body or when bicarbonate is lost from body fluids

Front 36

metabolic alkalosis

Back 36

(base bicarbonate excess) occurs when a loss of acid or gain in bicarbonate occurs

Front 37

hypotonic solution

Back 37

provides more water than electrolytes, diluting the ECF

Front 38

Isotonic solution

Back 38

expands only ECF

Front 39

Lactated Ringer's solution

Back 39

contains sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, and lactate in about the same concentration as those of ECF

Front 40

Central Venous Access Devices(CVADs)

Back 40

are catheters placed in large blood vessels of people who require frequent or special access to the vascular system.

Front 41

Centrally inserted catheters

Back 41

are inserted into a vein in the neck, chest, or groin with the tip resting in the distal end of the superior vena cava.

Front 42

Peripherally Inserted Central Catheters(PICCs)

Back 42

are central venous catheter inserted into a vein in the arm rather than a vein in the neck or chest

Front 43

Implanted infusion port

Back 43

consist of a central venous catheter connected to an implanted, single, or double subcutaneous injection port.