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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is bacterial nomencature?
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The naming of a bacteria.
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What does the proper name of a bacteria consist of? (2)
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A genus, and a species name.
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What system do you use to name bacteria?
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The Linnean or binomial system
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Is the genus name capitalized, or the species name?
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Genus name
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What format should the name of a bacteria have?
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Underlined, or italics
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Definition of: Species name
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A descriptive term that tells what disease the organisms causes
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Definition of: Genus
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A group of related species
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How many groups of bacterial shape are there?
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Three
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What are the three bacterial shapes?
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Cocci, Rods/Bacilli, Spirilla
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Definition of: Cocci
(Shape, Found in, Exs) |
-Round or oval bacteria
-Singles, pairs, clusters or chains -Staph and Strept |
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Definition of: Rods/Bacilli
(Shape, Found, Exs) |
-rectangular bacteria
-chains, palisades, random arrangements -E.Coli, salmonella |
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Definition of: Spirilla
(Shape, Found, Exs) |
-spiral(comma shaped) bacteria
-single -Treponema |
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What does the cell wall suround? Is it rigid/loose?
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Surrounds: plasma membrane of bacterial cell
Rigid |
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Purpose of Cell Wall: (2)
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-shape of bacteria
-protects plasma membrane |
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Main component of Cell Wall:
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-Peptidoglycan
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What are bacteria stained with?
What do the colors mean? (Darkpurple, red) |
-Grams stain
-Darkpurple: Gram pos -Red: Gram neg |
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What bacteria causes Strept throat?
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Gram positive cocci
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What bacteria causes gonorrheae?
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Gram negative cocci
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What bacteria causes diphtheria?
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Gram positive rods
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What bacteria causes Salmonella food poisoning?
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Gram negative rods
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Gram Reactions Importance: (2)
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-identification of class
-determine resistance of bacteria to antibiotics |
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Name the general purpose culture medium:
Contains? (3) |
Nutrient medium
-meat extracts, peptone, mineral salts |
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Addition of ______ makes a culture medium solid.
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Agar
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Liquid culture media process and results:
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-inoculated with bacteria
-incubated -cloudy indicates bacterial growth |
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Another name for a blood agar is?
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-chocolate agar
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Definition of: Selective media
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-media that contains dyes, antibiotics, or chemicals that inhibit growth of all organisms other then what the media is devised for
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Definition of: Differential Media
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-Media contain substances or indicators that differentiate between bacteria
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What temp do you want to incubate bacteria at?
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35-37degrees
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What three fluids are normally sterile? Results?
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- Blood, CSF, fluds from pleural, peritoneal and joint cavities
-ANY bacteria found indicates infection |
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Average size of bacteria is?
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1um
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What does the aseptic technique ensure? (2)
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- ensures specimen is contaminated
- ensures pathogens dont contaminate enviroment |
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What temp should specimens be kept at?
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- refrigerated
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What specimen should NEVER be refridgerated?
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CSF
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Procedure for C&S? (3)
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-Direct smear
-Culture (specimen planted) (streaking) -Antibiotic suceptibility testing (Kirby Bauer) |
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A virus structure consists of: (2)
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-DNA or RNA
-surrounded by a protein coat |
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How much do viruses have to be magnified at?
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300,000X with electron microscope
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Viruses are said to be __________ because they have no _________.
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-metabolically inert
-cellular enzymes |
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Viruses can only ________ in _________.
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-multiply
-other living cells |
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Viruses are cultivated in?
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-tissue cultures
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Do antibiotics have any effect on viruses?
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NO, only bacteria
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What are tissue culture flasks stored at? They are coated with?
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-minus70
-monolayer of cells |
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What is Mycology?
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-the study of fungi
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Two Types of fungi:
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-unicellular yeasts
-multicellular molds |
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Fungal infections are called ________.
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mycoses
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Fungi are grown on _________.
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-culture media
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Fungi's culture medium is:
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-sabouraud deftrose agar
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Yeast cells look: (4)
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-large
-round -stained gram positive -occasional buds |
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Most parasites indentified are:
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-intestinal parasites
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What are the two broad categories of parasites?
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-protozoa
-metazoa |
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Protozoa are?
(3forms) |
-unicellular parasites
-amoeba (infective stage) -trophozoite (motile) cyst (NON motile) |
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Metazoa are:
(Most common) (Identified) |
-multicellular parasites
-intestinal worms -indentified: ova (eggs) |
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What specimen is tested for parasites?
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-stool
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What do preservatives in parasite specimens do?
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-kill but preserve
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How is a concentration method done?
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-emulsify stool in saline
-filter through gauze -repeat washing -centrifuge |
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What are you left with after concentration method done?
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-ova and cysts
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Stained Preparations(Slides) are used for?
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- identification of protozoal trophozoites and cysts
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Canadian Blood Services procedure for people donating blood: (3)
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-Donor screening
-collection of blood -processing of blood |
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Donor screening includes: (2)
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-medical history
-physical exam |
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Collection of donor blood inclues: (4)
(What does aseptic collection mean?) |
-determining type
-donor identification -aseptic collection (make sure free of contamination) -post donation care and instructions |
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Two types of blood donation types:
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-whole blood
-plasma or plate apheresis (remainder returned) |
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Processing of blood involves: (4)
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-serological testing
-component prep (whole blood separated) -Labellng of componenets -distributation |
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What is Landsteiner's Laws?
(Hint:ABO) |
They state that in the ABO blood group system, individuals have naturally occuring antibodies in their plasma firected against their missing ABO antigen on the surface of their RBC.
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Component to Indication:
Red Blood Cells |
Inadequate oxygen carrying capacity
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Component to Indication:
Plasma Products |
insufficient coagulation protein
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Component to Indication:
Platelets |
decreased number of funtion of cells involved in clot formation
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Component to Indication:
Albumin |
volume expansion
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Component to Indication:
Immune Globulin |
Hypogammaglobulinemia
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Most common tests done in transfusion medicine: (5)
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-ABO/RH
-Antibody screen -crossmatching -transfusion reaction investigation -post natal investigation of fetal maternal incompatibilites |
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Blood Group to Antigen:
A |
A
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Blood Group to Antigen:
B |
B
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Blood Group to Antigen:
A,B |
A,B
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Blood Group to Antigen:
O |
none
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Bloodgroup to Antibody:
A |
anti-B
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Bloodgroup to Antibody:
B |
anti-A
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Bloodgroup to Antibody:
A,B |
none
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Bloodgroup to Antibody:
O |
anti-AB
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What is Histotechnology?
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Dealing with Tissue specimens after removal from the body.
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First step to Histotechnology and what is it? (3)
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Gross examination - anatomic pathologists observations will be tape recorded, tissues cut and placed in plastic tissue cassette, remainder in suitable container with fixative
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What does tissue processing do in histotechnology?
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-serve to fix, dehydrate, clear and infiltrate with wax
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What does fixation in tissue proccessing do?
(Fixative used) |
-preserve the microanatomy
-formalin (formaldehyde) |
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What does dehydration do in tissue proccessing?
(By?) |
-removes water
-series of alcohol solutions |
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What does clearing do in tissue processing?
(With?) |
-makes the tissue transparent
-with xylene |
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What does infiltration do in tissue processing?
(With?) |
-provide firm consistency
-with paraffin wax |
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What is embedding? (2steps)
(End Result?) |
-cassete is removed
-tissue placed in small metal mold filled with molten paraffin -END RESULT: tissue block, a hard block of wax tissue is embedded in |
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What is Microtomy (Sectioning)?
(Size?) |
Tissue block is cut into very thin strips by a Microtome
(3-5um) |
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First in Sectioning: Rough cutting takes place, which is?
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fairly thick sections are cut to get to a depth where tissue is
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Second in sectioning: Fine cutting, which is? forms?
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-attached to one another, forming a long ribbon
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What is done to the ribbon of sections in Microtonomy?
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-they are floated out onto the surface of a warm water bath
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Last step in Microtonomy is?
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-desired section placed on glass slide which is placed in an oven at 60degreesto melt the wax (fixes)
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What is the universally used routine staining procedure?
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Hematoxylin and Eosin
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Hematoxylin in staining is used to:
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-stain the nuclei of the cells blue
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Eosin in staining is used to:
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-stain the cytoplasmic structures pink to red
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Special stains are used to:
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-demonstrate different types of tissue or tissue structures, or chem components within tissues
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Control slides are used to:
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-monitor results
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Do HandE staining and control result slides get stained at the same time?
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YES, in the same way
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Are control slides used to clinically diagnose? (If not, what for?)
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No, to check quality of staining
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What does coverslipping do? (What is used?)
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-preserve the stained sections
-mounting medium |
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Microscopic examination in histotechnology is:
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- slides examined microscopically by an anatomic pathologis
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Frozen sections in histotechnology are used for:
(ex) |
rapid diagnosis
ex:if malignant? |
