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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Claudio Monteverdi
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Important for his Madrigal's and Opera's
First and major job is church musician for the Duke of Montua Chapelmeister at San Marco (most prestigious music position at the time) Wrote 9 books of madrigals, each with 20+ madrigals Wrote: stage ballets, church music, operas |
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9 Books of Madrigals
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Monteverdi
First 4 books, prima prattica Book 5 titled, "Second Practice" or "On the Perfection of Modern Music" (first use of basso continuo) Books 6-9, second prattica |
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Madrigals of War and Love
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In the 8th book of Madrigals by Monteverdi
Contains many musical qualities: operatic, cantata, small madrigals, orchestra, trio's, duets Cals for pizzicato (the first kind of specific call from the composer for the performer to play a certain way) |
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Background of Vocal Music before Opera
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In chroal works, it was used to enhance the drama
Used in comedies as musical entertainment between acts of a play Began to write madrigals on the same subjects of the larger work telling a short story This is during time of the 2nd Generation of Italian Madrigals |
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Monody
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More information, more text, more story, less melody
Reaction against polyphony Florentine Camarata Le Nueve Musiche-1602 |
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Florentine Camarata
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People that met together to talk about the status of the arts
Wanted to get back to the idea of Greek drama Deliver a lot of text over a somewhat simple melody Stile representato |
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Orfeo-1607
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Monteverdi
Writes the first real important opera Wider range and specified instrumentation Uses Castrati Has a ritornello: a short instrumental piece that is repeated; used as a dance, moving music) |
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Monteverdi--Florence
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Primary composer of the day
Achieved cariety and flexibility in his pieces Wrote strophically, and strophic variation (one amount of music with several versus to it) Wrote recitative style |
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Opera in Rome
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Becomes more popular as a perfomance opportunity
Overture grows (slow-fast-slow) More chorus than other places (presence of Pope made music more restricted) Recitative style (secco-dry, sparse accompaniment) |
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Opera in Venice
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San Cassiano-1637 (first opera house was built and opened)
Monteverdi |
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Monteverdi--Venice
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Very important there
Writing for virtuoso singers Aria/recitative becomes very important Orchestra is for strings and basso c. By late 17th century, aria is more and more popular (music over text) |
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Neopolitan Opera-1650
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Recitative/Aria/Recitative/Aria
Not much chorus Scene structure Leads to Handel |
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Aria Types
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More important than Recitatives
Aria cantabile: singing style Aria parlante: speaking style (words are more humorous, and are more important than the melody, but more tuneful than recitative) |
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Recitative Types
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Secco recitative: dry, not as fun, less accompaniment
Accompanied recitative |
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French Opera
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1 violin; 3 viola's; 1 cello-bass
Most always in 5 acts Meter is changed to properly stress the text Music matches language Adopted "peasant" dances gavotte 4/4 bouree 2/4 minuet 3/4 Dances were used primarily for ballet Ballet was huge for French Opera Chorus not used extensively Lully |
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Jean-Baptiste Lully-1632-87
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Born in Florence
Worked for King Louis XIV (superintendent of the Kings music) Had secured a financial monopoly over all operas in France Wrote 28 complete versions of ballets |
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Madrigals
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Stile moderno
Still being written,but not new fashion Monteverdi's books have madrigals with addition of basso c. Madrigal comedy-telling a story |
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Oratorio
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An entire opera, but no sets or costumes
Intended as worship music Weren't as long as opera's |
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Cantata (17th c. Vocal Chamber)
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Smaller scale, secular form
basso continuo or instrumental accompaniment Series of recitative/aria's Not intended for large space, usually done in a small room (cantata da camera) |
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Alessandro Scarlatti
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Most active in Naples
Wrote about 600 chamber cantatas See the beginning of Da Capo aria's - becomes standard of Baroque |
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Praetorius
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Germany/Austria
"Syntagma Musicum" -scale drawings of all instruments of that period |
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H. Schuetz
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Early was mostly sacred composer
Large Style/Small Style/Large Style Early Middle Late "Saul"- sacred symphony, concertato style, mixes ideas |
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Buxtehude
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Important because he establishes the form by which Bach takes and runs-fugue
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Vocal Chamber (France)
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Basso continuo comes in late to France
-Lully used it a lot Grande and Petit Motet -Petit for shorter services |
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Vocal Chamber (England)
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Aren't the best innovators
Nothing really new comes out |
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Improvisation (instrumental Baroque)
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Becomes more important because of basso c. and figured bass
Variation Sequence Tuning |
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Variation
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Basic tune is taken then varied
Theme and Variation comes out of process |
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Sequence
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Harmonic sequence
Taking a melody and a chord progression and repeat on higher/lower pitches Used a lot in the Baroque period |
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Tuning
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Half steps being equal is a Baroque phenominon
Multiple types of tuning were done to make a leading tone attack tonal center |
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Baroque Instruments
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Violin developed from Viol
Keyboard Inst.: Harpsichord; Clavichord; Organ; later...piano Winds developed from the Shyam Timpani is about only percussive instrument of the time |
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Ricercare
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Non-sectional (monothematic), through-composed
Imitative Develops into what is known as fugue |
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Canzona
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Like ricercare except Sectional
Imitative counterpoint Sonata develops out of canzona Sonata de chiesa (for the church) |
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Variations
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Also called a partita: later becomes suite
English called them divisions |
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Dance Types
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Suite-(German) primarily a collection for keyboard players, of the same 4 dances
Ordre-(French) simply a collection of pieces |
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Style Brise
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arpeggiated figures
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Agrements
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marks in the piece that identify improvisation
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Toccata
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means, "to touch"
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Sonata de chiesa
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Church sonata
Usually 4 mvts; slow/fast/slow/fast tempo markings for mvts. ex. presto |
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Sonata da camera
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More secular sonata
Most often an introductory piece (prelude) followed by 3-5 mvts. Dance names for mvts. ex. sarabande |
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Sonata
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It is a piece for a small group of instrumentalkists, 2-4 + basso continuo (2 players)
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Suite
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Mainly German style
Intended for keyboard only |
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Arcangelo Corelli
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Wrote NO vocal music
Foundation for modern violin technique Wrote sonata de chiesa/da camera, concerti grossi, solo sonatas |
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Techniques of A. Corelli
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Not technically different
Solo sonatas can be virtuosic, but not trio sonatas Suspensions all over music, very Baroque Beginning of tonic/dominant relationship Music often based off single musical idea |