Medieval Europe

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lay investiture

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Kings and emperors would invest newly elected bishops with symbols of their office, pope thought this was not within the king's power. Led to the investiture controversy. 11th and 12th centuries

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Simony

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the buying or selling of ecclesiastical pardons, or sacraments and positions in the church. Banned by Pope Gregory VII

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Gregory VII and the Dictatus Papea

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(1075) this document containing 27 statements gave the pope supremacy over the kings. Allowed the pope to depose of a ruler if necessary.

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Henry IV and the conflict with the Pope

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Henry IV claimed power over Milan and investiture Pope Gregory VII also claimed this power. Led to the investiture controversy. BOth believed they had supremacy of leadership.

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The Concordat of Worms

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(1122) This agreement stated that the emperor could not invest bishops with spiritual symbols of power, though they could invest them with symbols of temporal power. It also gave the emperor and his successors papal "privilege".

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The IVth Lateran Council

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(1215) Called by Pope Innocent III decided the doctrine of the church- the right faith and works pleasing to God, outside of church there is no salvation, seven sacraments are established. Penalties to be carried out against heretics

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The Inquisition

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The persecution of heretics, seperated into two branches. Accusatorial- accuser brings charges against accused. Inquisitorial-crime against emperor accused brings charges.

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Communes in Northern Italy

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Self government is gained after struggle with Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. The Peace of Constance (1183) gave cities of northern Italy control over their territories. The city expands its jurisdiction past city walls.

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Communes in Europe

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The King granted self-government, the city receives charters and privileges under the king's supervision. The city does not expand past its city walls. This city is an island in a feudal world

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Florentine Society

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Division along class liens- Magnati (feudal nobility), Popolo (Bourgeoisie), Popolo minuto (workers, proletariat).

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The Ordinance of Justice

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(1293) Requirements for citizenship (age, residency, tax assessment, guild membership- exclusion of the popolo minuto). Exclusion of Magnati.

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Political Institutions of the Commune

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Signoria (9 priori)- 2 months
12 Buoniuomini (advisors to the signoria)- 3 months
16 Gonfalonieri (advisors to the signoria)- 4 months

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Main Principles of the Political System

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Collegiate bodies, short-term offices, election by ballot and lot- 10 scrutinizers decide if one qualifies, need 2/3 of scrutinizers' votes to get into bag. Names then drawn from the bag at random.

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The Church and the Bourgeoisie

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Values and activities of the bourgeoisie condemned by the Church- profit, wealth, social rise. Church influence over bourgeoisie- money should be given back to God (donations to religious institutions, charity, art patronage- churches, chapels).

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Nobility and the Bourgeoisie

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Once Bourgeoisie made fortune they would turn to the noble way of life, it was fashionable to act like the nobility and not like a merchant.

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The Franciscans

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(1209) An order started by Francis of Assisi, based around poverty, living as Christ did- absolute poverty, manual work, repudiation of book-learning

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Francis of Assisi

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(1182-1226) Son of wealthy merchant, renounced wealth began the Franciscan order. Approved by pope in 1209. After the Later Rule (1223) Francis felt he didn't belong with the Franciscan monks, stigmatized in 1224. After St. Francis order broke into factions- conventuals (original doctrine too harsh) and Spirituals (original doctrine).

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Later Rule

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(1223) A compromise between pope and Francis- collective ownership of property by the order, manual work not necessary, theological knowledge. Led tot eh stigmatization of Francis in 1224.

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Conventuals vs. Spirituals

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Conventauls- Thought original doctrine was too harsh, Francis could follow it because he was a saint, normal men cannot follow it. Followed the Later Council's rules.

Spirituals- Believed in original doctrine, Francis was simply a very spiritual man, doctrine not too harsh. Labeled heretics by the Pope.

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Dominicans

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Started by Dominic of Guzman (1170-1221) approved by the pope in 1216. Also believed in absolute poverty. A preaching order that went from village to village re-educating heretics and preaching the word of God.

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The Capetians- Hugh Capet, King of France

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(987) The power of the vassals and the powerless king. The king is raised upon the vassals (sacralization of his power- King by the grace of God).

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Philip Augustus

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(1180-1223) Territorial gains: The growth of the king's domain and the strengthening of the king's power
The royal administration: The centralization and the weakening of the feudal powers
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Philip the Fair

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(1285-1314) The financial resources of the monarchy- confiscation of the Templar's properties, taxation of the clergy

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Philip the Fair's Conflict with Pope Boniface VIII

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Boniface VIII denounces taxation of clergy, Philip calls the Estates General (clergy, nobility, towns) a representative institution. The Pope was charged with many offenses by Philip ranging from murder to black magic and was taken from his residence in Anagni

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William the Conqueror

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(1066) William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England. Feudal structure in England- Vassals: The Norman barons, Shires: The administrative division (sheriffs).

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Henry II

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(1154-1189) The foundation of a powerful monarchy. The centralization of power
-royal courts vs. baronial courts- sheriffs basically made up their own laws. Henry had to work to bring about a single set of laws (common law).
-Royal courts vs. ecclesiastical courts- debate over domain, where clergy or others would be tried. Church cannot order capital punishment.

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Thomas Becket

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Friend to the King, made archbishop of Canterbury in 1162. However Becket became incredibly religious and against the king once elected. The king inadvertently had Becket killed, who immediately became a martyr.

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John

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(1199-1216) The King's political weakness. Conflict with Philip of Augustus- John surrendered the English fiefs in France to the king.
Conflict with Innocent III- John rendered homage to the Pope (England and Ireland).
Conflict with the barons- John forced to accept and sign the Magna Carta (1215).

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The Magna Carta (Great Charter)

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(1215) A baronial document reiterating feudal rights- the feudal grant limited the king's powers, the king subject to the law. First sign of evolution into a constitutional monarchy.

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The English Parlaiment

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(1258) The evolution of the great council- the great council is summoned by the king at his own discretion, the great council is formed by the king's barons. The king is obliged to summon the great council. The great council grants representation to higher clergy, barons, knights of the Shire, Burghers (towns). First sign of evolution into a constitutional monarchy.