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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What were characteristics of the Gothic style? |
-Centered around Paris (University of Paris produced books) -Only true anti-classical style -Looks up, aspiring, very vertical, irrational -Criticized as barabaric, Goths had an ugly style, hated imbalance but gained acceptance when associated with knights |
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Define: Saint-Dennis |
-1st Gothic church, 1144 -Comissioned by Abbot Suger -Cities becoming prosperous, chuch made for the town to be proud of -Royal family traveled to witness dedication -Pointed arches reducing outward thrust (technique discovered by Muslims) -Wanted lots of light=more windows possible b/c arches, stained glass, lighter/thinner columns and ribs |
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Define: Cathedral of Laon |
-1160 -Built east to west (normal) so they could dedicate church before it was finished -Pier alternation (AB rhythm) abitious -Division/subdivision of parts -Tall, elegant, slender, adopt squared-off east end from English -Rose window at west end, oxen sculptures |
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Define: rose window |
A large window that removes wall mass to let more light into a building |
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What were the churches of the Early Gothic period? |
-Cathedral of Laon -Saint-Dennis |
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Define: Chartres |
-Most famous Gothic church -Vertical/horizontal in balance, everything in rhythm -Caught fire in 1194, built west to east (unusual), no more 6-part groin vaults, apse extended by a choir, 2 ambulatories and 7 radiating chapels, roof buttresses w/ wagon wheels -Vaults are 116 ft |
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Define: Amiens |
-French Cathedral, re-built after fire -1269 -West to east -Built by Robert de Luzarches=used 4 lancet windows and 2 rose windows enables stained glass, interpenetration of stories, Thomas de Cormont=makes cloistery glazed, canoid roofing and Regnault de Cormont=raises gables, more verticle, delicate, turned building into cage for stained glass, can see all the different styles of architect -Robert uses 4 lancet windows and 2 rose, spaces between filled w/ glass (dividing/subdividing), same rhythm as Chartres -Tallest High Gothic Church, extended chapel |
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Define: Reims |
-1210 -Used extended chapels -Enlgish take the idea even farther -East to west |
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Define: canoid roofing |
Uses cones to let light into traformium (clever) |
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Define: Saint-Chapelle |
-1243 -"Holy Chapel" in Paris, glass looks like a jewel box -Thomas broke off work at Amiens to work on -Paint lasts b/c chapel is on second story, raised to avoid moisture
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What were the bulidings of the High Gothic period in France? |
-Chartres -Amiens -Reims -Saint-Chapelle |
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What were the dates of the French Early Gothic period? |
1140-1190 |
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What were the dates of the High French Gothic period? |
1190-1240 |
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What were characterstics of the Rayonnant phase of the Gothic period? |
-3rd phase of Gothic -Means "raylike" |
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What were the dates of Rayonnant? |
1400-1550 |
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Define: Notre-Dame |
-France -Rich, subdivided parts -Built after crusades fall, Europeans confidence shattered=Christian faith turns inward (took away from desire to build churches higher) -Since not taller, wanted to make more delicate, refined, and detailed (looking inward) |
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Define: Saint-Urban |
-In Troyes (France), comissioned by Pope Urban IV to give to the people -Reflects refinement, delicate, spindley, comparatively small, staircases lead to catwalks -Money runs out, not completely until 1389 -Inspiration Saint Chapelle (want windows to take over completely), sheets of tracery eliminate stone, glazed arcade
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What characterized the Flamboyant Gothic stage? |
-Final and 4th stage -"Flame-like" -Ogee shapes (teardrop shapes) -Style becomes completely vetical |
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Define: Saint-Madou |
-In Rouen, named after a Welsh man who converted people -1434 -Trapazoid in shape to dissolve wall surface, no transept arms, side-aisles -No very innocative in design, not super tall, not large church -Interesting=renevated in 1970s, tracery is flamoyant, ogees look like flickering flames -Perfect realization of Gothic goals=eye runs up chapel w/o breaking (no horizontal interruptions), everything surges upward, final truly Gothic church |
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What were the buildings of the Flamboyant and Rayonnant period? |
-Saint-Urbain -Notre-Dame -Saint-Madou |
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Define: ogee |
Teardrop-like shapes |
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What were characteristics of English Gothic architecture? |
-First non-French to adopt the style -Still maintained English taste for illogical, pointed arches, large windows -Sometimes alligned with French Gothic, sometimes diverged (height not goal of English) -Gothic allows you to float to the next world -End with the Reformation
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What were the (rough) dates of the English Gothic period? |
1180-1520 |
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Define: Cathedral of Canterbury |
-In Kent, 1184 -1st English Gothic church, represents the Lancet stage of English Gothic period -Another fire, wanted new east end to be in the "French style", hired Frenchman William of Sens -Long and low, height not goal, 2 transepts (English), retro-choir, 6 part groin vaults, everything rests on capitals (English), rounded east end to imitate French -Purbeck marble used, French liked flat walls, but Canterbury's are NOT flat (English) |
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Define: Lancet |
-1st stage of the English Gothic period -1174-1250 |
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Define: Purbeck marble |
Black marble that the English loved to use in architecture |
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Define: Cathedral of Sailsbury |
-In Whitshire -Long and low, attached chapter houses, squared off east end (English), transition to 4 part groin vaults, flying buttresses added for bell tower to support -Sharpness of arches (Lancet) -Compared to Canterbury=more moldings, still Purbeck marble, more whimsical, French-like logic, designs in bays, playing games w/ structure -More English b/c more control, not being run by a Frenchman |
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Define: Decorative (Curvelinear) Gothic phase |
-2nd phase of English Gothic -1250-1350 |
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What are the buildings of the Lancet phase of the English Gothic period? |
-Cathedral of Canterbury -Sailsbury |
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Define: Exeter |
-Cathedral in Devon -Squared off east end, double transept -English adopting French taste for flat walls, windows in French style -Still whimsical, Purbeck marble, decorative elements run eye from west to east end, lady chapel for end -English used ceiling for additional ribbing on vaults, ogees in windows, curvilinear star of David (escape from geometric forms) |
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Define: Glouchester |
-3rd phase of Gothic (perpendicular), Cathedral -1332 -East end is Gothic, retro-fitted, most spectacular ceiling so far, ogees in windows -Screen of perpendicular tracery takes the eye up to greatest vaults=exploding, net vaulting over the top w/ decorative elements, splintering, subdivided, very English -Shapes stretched over cones of vaults, ogees, liquid, fluid forms (unique) |
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Define: Perpendicular phase of Gothic |
-3rd phase of English Gothic -1330-1525 |
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Define: liernes, tiercerons, fan vaults |
-All used at Exeter -Liernes=additional vault ribs -Tiercerons=ribs on North/South -Result in fan vaults |
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What were the buildings in the Perpendicular phase of English Gothic architecture? |
-Exeter -Glouchester |
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Define: King's College |
-Chapel at Cambridge, perpendicular phase -3 stages w/ 3 different architects, struggle=Reginald Ely (1443), Simon Clerk (1476), John Wastell (1508) -Onion dome=Islamic form -Vaults=use dense fans of tracery, extremely detailed, idea of Revelation animals, mystical vision (liquid vaults) -Not a full church, side aisle bays broken into chapels, spectacular vaulting |
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Define: Westminster Abbey |
-Chapel of Henry 7th, perpendicular style, meant to show that Henry was the rightful king -More French than English Gothic -1503 -Architects=brothers, Robert and William Venue -Flying buttresses arch (curvilinear) -Pendant vaulting, very English, like stalagtites, apperance of no ceiling, clever, supported w/ transverse arches |
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Define: pendant vaulting |
Technique that allows vaults to dangle from the ceiling |
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Compare and contrast the Romanesque and Gothic styles of sculpture. |
-Romanesque=highly angular, curvilinear -Gothic=Medieval, relies on studying old works, later begin to start studying nature, makes figures look more empathetic, approachable/human-like, reflects shift in religiosity |
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Define: Chartres sculptures |
-Re-built 2x because of fires -What you must do in this life to get to heaven (theme of judgement) -Bigger, taller, more aggressive buildings (and sculptures) -Church dedicated to Madonna=crowned Queen of Wisdom, shows Jewish/Pagan past -Largest portal=24 elders (Revelation 4 1:8) -Inspiration from Saint Dennis church=also has 3 portals |
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Define: Chartres sculptures-facade |
-1135=3 portals, kings and queens of Old Testament on lower columns (foundation of New symbolic), entire history of Christ's life (assention, last supper, ect.), assention=angels, 10 apostles, 12 months of year and liberal arts in archibolds |
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Define: Chartres sculptures-right portal |
-Thiemy of Chartres (taught at Chartres School) -Taught that classical literature/7 liberal arts reinforced Christian thinking/theology -Woman playing music, grammar (archibolds) -Below, Pythagoras=ancient Mathmatician who also believed music had math elements, cutting quill -Under grammar is Priscian=busy writing on lap desk -Array of Jesus as baby, small child, and sitting on lap of wisdom (trying pagan eduction and religion) |
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Define: transsubstantiation |
-Roman Catholic teaching -Body and blood were actually blood and body of Christ -Seen in Chartres sculptures |
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Define: Second Lateran Council |
-1139 -Declares that a deviation from transsubstantiation is heresy -Chartres |
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Define: Summa |
-Summation -Conclusive/comprehensive view of history in Christian eyes -Chartres |
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Define: Chartres sculptures-Jon figures |
-Stand in front of columns -Ridiculously stretched ou, facial expression (brow furrowed, laugh lines, eyes less bug-eyed, more empathic/realistic) |
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Define: sculptures at Chartres-Madonna |
-Church dedicated to her -Pictures her death, crowned queen of heaven, shows her authority -St. Ann=mother of the virgin, below Madonna, supports physically and symbolically -2 lentils=visitation, rigid figures |
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Define: sculptures at Chartres-Christ |
He sees us, empathetic
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Define: sculptures at Chartres-skinny sculptures of prophets |
-Moses through Peter -Abraham about to sacrifice son (Issac) -John the baptist w/ lamb -Earliest to latest figures, in chronological order) -Sense that they see us |
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Define: sculptures at Chartres-South transept/central portal |
-Martyrdom of St. Steven (1st Christian Martyr) -Christ receiving Steven in heaven -More skinny figures=portal of Martyrs, Pope Clement, St. Steven -Heads better proportions to bodies, draping naturalistic, but still Medieval (Clement's arm), modeled off Roman structures, figures in contrapposto |
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Define: contrapposto |
-Figure with weight on right leg, curved hips/spine -Greeks mastered, but Gothic still doesn't completely understand (copying Classical model, trying) |
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Define: sculptures at Amiens |
-1230 -Central portal=Beau-Dieu figure, weight on both legs, impressive volume of drapery, Christ, 3D -Still not perfect, but artist takes Classical influence |
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Define: sculptures at Reims |
-1240s -Central portal=2 pairs of figures, retained same paint, Virgin and Elizabeth (E as older woman, realistic, laugh lines, conservative Madonna), chevron patter on columns (Germanic taste for pattern, line, repitition), drapery around stomach -Mousolus=Asia minor, large sculpture for his funeral, huge tomb -Figures grinning, mincing, prescious hand gesture (new Rayonnant style), "court style" (fake smile), becomes dominant French style |
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Define: Notre Dame sculptures |
-Rayonnant/courtly style -Virgin of Notre Dame |
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Define: Virgin of Jeanne d'Evreux sculpture |
-At Saint-Dennis -Gift to nunnery, statue -Elongated figures, mincing hand gestures (copying Rayonnant) |
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What were the characteristics of French Gothic manuscript painting? |
-Begins in about 1200 -Focus of manuscript painting shifts to cities -Book making commercialized -Paris as center, wealthier cities -Universities/college need books and rise of secular literacy |
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What were the French Gothic sculptures we studied? |
-Chartres -Amiens -Reims -Virgin of Jeanne d'Evraux (Saint-Dennis) -Notre Dame |
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Define: Blanche of Castile |
-Luxury volume made in Paris for royal family -Blanche was mother of Louis 9th -1226 -Moralized/glossed Bible w/ commentary -Typology, pictures overwhelm the pages -4 figures=Blanch instructing son (Dexter/sinister), below Dominican monk instructed how to make this Bible -Great interest in how draperies form voids -Still Medieval, positioning unrealistic, not logical, scribe's knee |
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Define: dexter/sinister |
-Dexter=teaching position -Sinister=learning position |
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Define: Psalter of St. Louis |
-1258, Louis the 9th's copy of book of songs (8 parts for 9 parts of day monks pray) -78 full page paintings (Genesis through Kings) -Old Testament up to David -Abraham and 3 angels=inverted funnel hat (anti-semetic, Jesus had to wear), dinner is served, wife smiling (Sarah), 90 yrs old gonna have a son (Issac), Abraham is asked to sacrifice Issac, precious/fluttery hands -Takes place in Rayonnant Gothic church (Saint Chapelle) |
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Define: Breviary |
-For Phillip IV (The Fair), made by Maitre Honore (known artist) -Book that records the devine office -David annoited by Samuel, slays David=stylized trees, figures feet hang over edge of illumination (new, innovative 3D window), still Rayonnant style, backdrop gold (denies 3D) -Diaper=patter, denies depth, contrary to feet (push/pull) |
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Define: Define: Life of Saint-Dennis |
-1317 given to Phillip V (The Tall) -Huge, 77 full page pictures -Saint-Dennis=bishop, telling 3 men to make/write down his life (in Paris) -His life story runs across the pages -Bottom images=urine brought to Dr., river seine shipped wine down river, haggling for wine -Noble/Royal market for books |
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Define: Hours of Jeanne d'Evreaux |
-1325, by Jean Pucelle (manuscript artist) -Tiny book, went into her pocket as a prayer book -Dominican use, scene of Judas kissing Christ, height/width/depth=angel Gabriel in chamber, boards in ceiling, 3D -Grisalle=work entirely in monotone -Pucelle did a "wander year"=to study/learn about art |
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Define: Duccio |
-Painting that was inspiration to Pucelle -Gabriel w/ chamber -Not copied exactly, too Renaissance, Pucelle preserves Germanic, but copies ceiling |
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What wer the works of the French Gothic period of manuscript illumination? |
-Hours of Jeanne d'Evreaux -Life of Saint-Dennis -Duccio -Psalter of St. Louis -Breviary -Blanche of Castile |
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What were characteristics of English Gothic illumination? |
-Moved together w/ French Gothic -England manuscripts=Oxford and London (Westminster Royal Court) |
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Define: Psalter of Robert de Lindesey |
-1214 -Abbot of Peterborough in East Anglia -Revelation 4 1:8=sympathetic face of Jesus, angels plead w/ eyes |
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Define: Douce Apocalypse |
-1270 -Made in London -Revelation 5:6=John looks through keyhole, lamb in alter, 4 apocalytiptic creatures, fingers splayed, hands fanned, frowning gestures, each figure looks different, literalness -Revelation 6 7-8= horse and beasts of earth, mouth on legs (hell), clerks/papers/royals all being shaved into it by dwell, literal/detail, Christ as judge and send ppl to hell |
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Define: Ramsey Psalter |
-1300 -Noah and arc, birth of virgin, lord punishing the world for sin/not turning to God -Ogee arches -Figures lined w/ white tulep shape (white squirrel fur) |
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Define: Tickhill Psalter |
-1303 -John Tickhall was last private owner, inscribed for him -Style similar to Saint Dennis |
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Define: Gorleston Psalter |
-1325 -Feast of church of St. Andrew -Stands alone stylistically -Page of crucifixion=studied Siennen art (Giotto and Simone Martini) |
