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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Middle ages
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era in European history that followed fall of Roman Empire, lasting from about 500 to 1500—also called the medieval period
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Franks
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Germanic people who settled in the Roman province of Gaul (now France) and established a great empire during the Middle Ages
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Monastery
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a religious community of men (called monks) who have given up their possessions to devote themselves to a life of prayer and worship
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carolingian dynasty
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a dynasty of Frankish rulers, lasting from AD 751 to 987
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secular
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concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters
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serf
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a medieval peasant legally bound to live on a lord’s estate
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lord
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in feudal Europe, a person who controlled land and could therefore grant estates to vassals
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fief
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an estate granted to a vassal by a lord under the feudal system in medieval Europe
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vassal
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in feudal Europe, a person who received a grant of land from a lord in exchange for a pledge of loyalty and services
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knight
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in medieval Europe, an armored warrior who fought on horseback
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manor
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a lord’s estate in feudal Europe
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tithe
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a family’s payment of one-tenth of its income to the church
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chivalry
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a code of behavior for knights in medieval Europe, stressing ideals such as courage, loyalty and devotion
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tournament
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a mock battle between groups of knights
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troubadour
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a medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love
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clergy
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a body of officials who perform religious services—such as priests, ministers, or rabbis
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sacrament
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one of the Christian ceremonies in which God’s grace is transmitted to people
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canon law
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body of laws governing the religious practices of a Christian Church
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Holy Roman Empire
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empire established in Europe in the 10th century AD, originally consisting mainly of lands in what is now Germany and Italy
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lay investiture
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the appointment of religious officials by kings or nobles
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simony
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the selling or buying of a position in a Christian church
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St Francis of Assissi
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son of rich merchant, gave up wealth and turned to preaching when he was 20 years old. Did not place much importance on scholarship. He treated all creatures as if they were his spiritual brothers and sisters
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gothic
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relating to a style of church architecture that developed in medieval Europe, featuring ribbed vaults, stained-glass windows, flying buttresses, pointed arches, and tall spires
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Urban II
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in 1093, the Byzantine (relating to the Byzantine Empire, the eastern part of the late Roman Empire) emperor, Alexis Comnenus, sent an appeal to Robert, Count of Flanders (former region in northwestern Europe that was a powerful independent state between the 11th and 14th centuries) asking for help against the Muslim Turks who were threatening to conquer his capitol, Constantinople. This letter was also sent to Pope Urban II, who issued a call for what he termed a “holy war”, a Crusade, to gain control of the Holy Land. Over the next 200 years, a number of such Crusades were launched. The goal of these military expeditions was to recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.
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Crusade
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one of the expeditions in which medieval Christian warriors sought to recover control of the Holy Land from the Muslims
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Saladin
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most famous Muslim leader of the 1100s. Even Christians regarded him as honest and brave. He wished to chase the Crusaders back into their own territories.
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Richard the Lionhearted
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during the Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem, three power monarchs, the French king Philip Augustus, the German emperor Frederick I (Barbarossa), and the English king, Richard the Lionhearted. After the first above drowned on the journey to the Holy Land, and the second above argued with Richard and went home, Richard was left to regain the Holy Land from Saladin. He mounted a siege on the city of Acre, and defeated Saladin’s army. When the city finally fell, Richard had the Muslim survivors (3,000 men, women and children) slaughtered, as the Muslim army watched helplessly from the hills.
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reconquista
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the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492
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inquisition
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a Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy—especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s
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three-field system
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a system of farming developed in medieval Europe, in which farmland was divided into three fields of equal size and each of these was successfully planted with a winter crop, planted with a spring crop, and left unplanted
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guild
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a medieval association of people working at the same occupation, which controlled its members’ wages and prices
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burgher
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a medieval town dweller
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vernacular
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the everyday language of people in a region or country
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dante alighieri
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wrote the Divine Comedy in 1321 about the poet’s journey through heaven, hell and purgatory.
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geoffrey chaucer
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wrote the Canterbury Tales c. 1387-1400 which consists of a collection of stories set within a story of a pilgrimage to Canterbury Cathedral, the shrine of Saint Thomas a` Becket.
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thomas aquinas
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in the mid-1200s, this scholar argued that the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument. Between 1267 and 1273, Aquinas wrote the Summa Theologica, his great work, influenced by Aristotle, combining ancient Greek thought with the Christian thought of his time.
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scholastics
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Aquinas and fellow schoolmates, who met at great universities, were known as scholastics. These individuals used their knowledge of Aristotle to debate many issues of their time. Their teachings on law and government influenced the thinking of Western Europeans, particularly the English and French, who accordingly began to develop democratic institutions and traditions.
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william the conquerer
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when King Edward the Confessor of England died in 1042, a great struggle for the throne erupted which led to an invasion by William the Conqueror (also known as William, duke of Normandy). After claiming victory, he declared all of England his territory. As a result, the English lords who supported William’s opponent lost their lands. William then granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him personally. In this way, he laid the foundation for centralized government.
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Henry III
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William’s descendents owned land in both Normandy and England. One of William’s descendants, Henry II, added to these holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine, who brought with her more lands from France.
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eleanor of aquitaine
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wife to two kings and mother (thank you Lughan!) to two kings, she married Louis VII of France when the Second Crusade began. In 1147, she accompanied him to the Holy Land. Shortly afterward, their marriage was annulled. Eleanor then married Henry Plantagnet, who was to become Henry II of England. Their marriage produced four sons, two English kings and a large territory in France called Aquitane.
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Magna carta
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“Great Charter”—a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in 1215AD
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parliament
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a body of representatives that makes laws for a nation
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philip II
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called Philip Augustus, ruled France from 1180-1223. Crafty, unprincipled, and willing to do whatever was necessary to achieve his goals, he seized Normandy from King John of England in 1204 and within two years, had gained other territories. By the end of his reign, he had tripled lands under his control. To gain a stronger central government, he established royal officials called bailiffs, who were sent from Paris to every district in the kingdom to preside over the king’s courts and collect the king’s taxes.
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louis IX
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ruled France from 1285 to 1314, further strengthened the French central government by creating a French appeals court, which could overturn decisions of local courts, thereby strengthening the monarchy while weakening feudal ties.
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avignon
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when the College of Cardinals chose a new pope, Clement IV, the pontiff moved from Rome to this city. Popes would live there for the next 67 years.
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great schism
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a division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established
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john wycliffe
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an English professor who challenged the papacy by preaching that Jesus Christ, not the pope, was the true head of the Church. He felt it was wrong that the popes lived in luxury as opposed to being a clergyman who should own neither land nor wealth. He also taught that the Bible alone—not the pope—was the final authority for Christian life, and helped spread this idea by inspiring an English translation of the New Testament of the Bible.
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Jan Hus
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influenced by Wycliffe, this professor taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than that of the pope.
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bubonic plague
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a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid-14th century, killing millions of people
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hundred years war
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a conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453
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Joan of arc
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this teenage French peasant girl felt moved by God to rescue France from its English conquerors. She believed that heavenly voices spoke to her, saying to drive the English out of France, and give the French crown to France’s true king, Charles IV’s son. After convincing Charles she was sincere, she led the French army into battle against an English fort that blocked the roads to Orleans for six months and besieging the city. After a hard fought battle during which the French retreated, Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fort. The entire French army stormed after her and the siege of Orleans was broken.
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What were the differences between Roman and Germanic societies?
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-R: loyalty to public gov & written law
-G: family ties/personal loyalty more important than R above/lived in small communities/governed by unwritten laws and traditions |
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What were four aspects of the warrior-chief (lord) relationship?
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-warriors pledged loyalty
-felt no obligation to obey a king they didn’t know but would fight to death at lord’s side -peacetime, lived in lord’s hall -he gave food, weapons, treasure -battle, fought to death along chief’s side/disgrace to outlive him |
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Why would it have been difficult to establish a Roman-type government with Germanic peoples of the Middle Ages? Give two examples.
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-student pov
-student rationale -they’d die for lord they respected but felt no obligation to king they didn’t know -would not obey an official sent to collect taxes or administer justice in name of emperor they never met |
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Why was the Battle of Tours historically significant? What mutual agreement did Pepin (The Short), Martel’s son, make with the pope?
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-Charles (The Hammer) Martel, leader of the Franks, defeated a Muslim raiding party from Spain in 732
-if Muslims won: western Europe might’ve become part of the Muslim Empire -Martel’s victory halted Muslim invasion -Pepin agree to fight the Lombards, who were invading central Italy, threatening Rome -pope anointed P king, thereby beginning reign of Frankish rulers called the Carolingian Dynasty (751-987) |
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What were the most important accomplishments of Charlemagne in regards to government and culture?
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-gov: limited authority of nobles/sent royal agents making sure powerful landowners (counts) governed their countries justly/C visited all his kingdom
-culture: encouragement of learning: opened palace school, ordered monasteries to open schools to train future monks/expanded monastic libraries |
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How were Charlemagne’s actions in regards to government similar to Lincoln’s during the American Civil War? (Note: if a perfect score is made on this question, it will be worth double the point value.)
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-both visited their constituents (C: his country/L: battlefield to talk to generals, troops) to gain first-hand knowledge of how things were going
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Explain how the new social order of feudalism worked. Be sure to include the following: the lord, fief, vassal, knight and peasants (or serfs). What did feudalism depend on? Why? Was this a good and fair system? Why or why not?
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-lord: in exchange for military protection and other services, granted a
-fief: granted land -vassals: received the fief -knights: mounted warriors pledged to defend their lord’s land in exchange for fiefs -peasants/serfs: toiled in fields/could not lawfully leave the land but were not slaves -depended on: control of the land -student pov -student rationale |
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Discuss whether or not laws concerning grain, marriages and tithes within the manor system were just or not. Give examples to justify an answer.
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-student pov
-serfs paid tax on all grain ground in lord’s mill -attempt to dodge taxes by baking bread elsewhere was treated as a crime -serfs paid tax on marriage -serfs marriage could take place only with lord’s consent -serfs had to pay 1/10th of income (tithe) to village priest |
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Consider the information and illustration on page 329 of the text. What would be the most effective objects to be hurled via the trebuchet? Why? The least effective? Why?
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-effective
-student rationale -least effective -student rationale |
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How did popes use excommunication and the interdict to their political advantage? Was the use of these things by popes moral? Why or why not?
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-ex: banishment from the Church/freed all king’s vassals from duties to excommunicated king
-interdict: sacraments & religious services could not be performed in king’s lands -use of the above would force a king to do the pope’s bidding -student pov -student rationale |
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What were some of the problems facing the Church between 500 and 1000AD besides harm done by the Vikings? (Note don’t discuss anything brought up in question #34.)
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-some priests could barely read their prayers
-some popes were men of questionable morals -many bishops and abbots cared more about their positions as feudal lords than about their duties as spiritual leaders |
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Why were the following practices damaging to the Church: simony and lay investiture? Should fault be found with these practices? Why or why not?
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-simony: positions in Church sold by bishops
-lay inves: kings choosing church bishops & abbots -student pov -student rationale |
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Define the three vows friars took. Which vow was most important to the stability of the Church; in other words, which vow would help bring the Church back to its original function as a moral, religious organization?
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-chastity (celibate), poverty (no worldly possessions), obedience (follow rules of monastery)
-student pov -student rationale |
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Compare in at least three specific ways how the First Crusade might resemble the American conflict and occupation in Iraq. Give solid reasoning and good examples to support these comparisons. What occurred in Jerusalem during the First Crusade? Does this conflict seem worth the trouble individuals had to endure to accomplish their goals? Why or why not? Explain.
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-1st: knew little of geography, climate culture of Holy Land
-no grand strategy to capture Jerusalem -nobles couldn’t agree on a leader -no adequate supply lines -student pov (they won a narrow strip of land: 400 miles from Edessa in north to Jerusalem in south) -student rationale |
