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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a drug?
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A drug may be defined as any substance, natural or synethetic that, by its chemical nature has an influence on the physical or mental functions of the body
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What is the difference between a medicine and a drug.
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Drugs just generally change your state whereas medicines lead to a,n improvement in health.
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What is an OTC drug?
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Over the counter drug
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Define Medicine.
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A drug that leads to an improvement in health.
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define Natural product.
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chemical compounds that are isolated from living organisms using chemical techniques.
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Name the three types of injection
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intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous
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Name the three types of communications between cells
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(1) neurotransmission (2) horomonal (3)autacoid
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Most drugs come from what?
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Natural compounds found in nature, often in plants.
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Define LD50
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A lethal dosage, at which 50% of the administered group is killed
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what are the physical symptoms of ecstasy?
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muscle tension, nausea, blurred vision, faintness, sweatness, including in heart rate and blood pressure
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name the classes of drugs
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Hallucinogens, Depressants and stimulants
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What are the effects of medicines and drugs on the functioning body?
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1.)alterning incoming sensory perceptions (e.g. hallucinogens such as LSD) 2.)alterning physiological state of body consciousness (e.g. alcohol) 3.) alterning activity levels(e.g. speed)
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What are some risks of MDMA(Ecstasy)?
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Dehydration, heart or kidney failure.
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Where is Serotonin produced?
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In the gastric mucosa (thin membrane inside the stomach), spinal cord and brain.
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What does a nerve impulse involve?
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The movement of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane of the axon (nerve fibre).
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What are two different time frames of tolerance?
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acute tolerance and chronic tolerance
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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A chemical that diffuses across the synapose and then binds to the binding sites of a specific receptor.
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What are the classes of drugs?
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Depressants, stimulants, narcotics, hallucinogens, psychtheraüeutics, natural products
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two main classes of drugs?
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Stimulants and Depressants
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Why is medicine more often used than drug?
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Medicine has better connotations that drug.
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What is an antagonist?
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One that binds to a receptor/blocks it.
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What does chemotheraphy refer to?
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Treatment of disease by chemicals
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What are some psychological problem caused by drugs?
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confusion.depression, sleep problems,drug craving, severe addiction
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how do you define pharmacology?
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scientific study of interactions of drugs with various different types of cells found in human body
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what are two examples of autacoids?
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histamine and serotonin
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What are autacoids?
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They are local hormones: (1)Histamine - released from cells in the stomach lining in response to the consumption of a powerful gastric juices productor stimulant (2) Serotonin - produced by neurones in the central nervous system.
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define pharmacology
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the scientific study of the interctions of drugs with the various different types of cells found in the human body
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define placebo
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a chemical used as a control when testing a drug clinically
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Where is Serotin produced?
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In the gastric mucosa (as well as by certain neurones in the central nervous system, so the brain and spinal cord), involved with the control of sleep and vomitting.
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Why is it better to have a big therapeutic window for a drug?
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A larger therapeutic window means that more administered test subjects will reach the ED50 mark before others will start reaching LD50
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Who is regarded as "the father of chemotherapy"? What development got him the most famous?
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Paul Ehrlich and his "magical bullets".
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Define Placebo effect
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Pharmacological effect on a person or people who have been given a placebo rather than a real drug
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Explain bronchoconstriction
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a reduction in the diameter of tiny air tubules, or bronchioles, inside lung tissue.
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what is the first step in developing new drugs?
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the medicinal drugs have to be tested in clinical trials to determine if they are safe
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what has to be done before testing a new drug?
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researchers analyse the drug's physical and chemical properties in a laboratory and study its pharmacological and toxicological properties on animals and cells grown in culture
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What is cross-tolerance?
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It is the development of tolerance to a drug because of one's tolerance for alcohol or other drugs
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What is In vivo and In vito?
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In vivo= tests involving animals In vito= no living animals involved in tests
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Explain the placebo effect in simple terms
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The effect on a person ora group of people having been given a placebo rather than an actual drug
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What does th placebo effect determine?
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That it is not just the medincine or drug, but also the patient's attitude towards getting better, that determines the rate and efficiency that the patient will recover in
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What does the first phase of clinical trials involve?
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Initial trials on humans, after animal and laboratory studies preceed stage one.
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what are the psychological problems that ecstasy can lead to?
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confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, severe anxiety, paranoia
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How does accute tolerance occur?
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single exposure to the drug
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How does chronic tolerance occur?
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ocurs gradually as the drug is taken repeatedly
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what does lethal dosage represent?
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it indicates the quantity of drug or other substance that, if administered to a group of people / animals, will kill 50%
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Give a list of the ways that drugs can be administered.
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Oral. Injections. Suppositories. Inhalations.
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What are the stages involved in the reaserch, development and testing of new and pharmaceutical products?
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1.) laboratory and animanl testings 2.) first phase of clinical studies (humans) 3.) second phaste of clinical studies testing for efficiency and side effects. 4.) third phase of clinical studies (extensive trials) 5.) review by drug admin
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Who introduced Thalidomide?
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Chemie Grünenthal. West Germany. 1957
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What was the purpose of thalidomide?
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To relief morning sickness in women
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What effects did Thalidomide have on the zygote?
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Phocomelia --> failure in development of long bones in arms and legs.
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Define Designer Drugs
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Drugs designed by chemically modifying restricted/ illegal drugs
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What are the ways to adiminister drugs?
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Orally, through injection, suppositories, inhalation,
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What does LD50 refer to?
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The lethal dose where 50% of the patients die.
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What to ED50 refer to?
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Drugs designed by chemically modifying restricted/ illegal drugs
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what does the 'high' from ecstasy drug result in?
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enhanced sense of pleasure, self-confidence, including energy, feeling of peacefullness, acceptance, empathy
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Why are many drugs taken at mealtimes?
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The pH will be higher with food; therefore the acid attack to the enteric coating of the drugs is reduced.
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what are side-effects of thalidomide?
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phocomelia (failure in development of long bones of arms and legs)
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What is Thalidomide?
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A drug introduced in 1957 in West Germany, which was used as a hypnotic and sedative and was found to give relief from morning sickness in pregnant women
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Describe ecstasy and its problems (consequences and effects)
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It is a designer drug ( drug associated with 'raves') and is derived by chemically modifying restricted illegal drugs. It can cause pleasure, self confidence, peacefllnes. Its problems could include: (psychlogical : confusion, depression, sleep prooblems, paranoia. Physical: muscle tension, nausea, faitness. Its long term damage could include: thought and memory loss, damage the neurons that secrete the neurotransmitter serotonin and liver damage.
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What is a side-effect?
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Any other effect than the intended effect of the drug treatment.
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What is morphine?
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A narcotic (a pain-relieving / sleep inducing drug) extracted from opium poppy, and mainly grown in Afghanistan. It's a powerful and addictive pain killer; used for patients that are terminally ill or suffer severe pain. Causes euphoria, great happiness and wellbeing.
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What are the 5 different frames of tolerance?
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Acute tolernace, chronice tolerance, metabolic tolerance, functional tolerance, cross tolerance.
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List and explain the two mechanisms of tolerance
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(1) metabolism - when the liver increases its activity to keep up with the increased consumption (2) functional - determined by the changes in the central nervous system
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How are Designer drugs made?
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Deigner drugs are made by chemically modifying medicines to exaggerate a high
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Oral Administration is not the most effective because?
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IT sends a drug throughout your body when there may just be one concentrated spot of pain
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Name 2 well studies local hormones (autocoids)
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Histamine and serotonin
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What are withdrawal symptoms?
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Life threatening symptoms for example anxiety, tremores, and hallucinations
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Define side effect
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a term used to describe any effects other than the intended effect of the durg administered.
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why is oral administeration the most popular method of drug delivery?
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it is simple and cheap
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why does the taking of drugs at mealtimes minimize the problem of drug decomposition?
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when food is present in stomach, the pH is higher, so acid attack on drug and its coating is reduced
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List examples of synthetic products?
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Thalidomine or aspirin.
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list the 3 methods of injection
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intravenously (into vein), intramuscularly (into muscle), subcutaneously (under skin)
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What function does morphine have?
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1) powerful painkiller 2) sense of euphoria 3) great happiness 4)well-being
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What are suppositories?
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Drugs that are injected into parts of the body which do not carry absorbed food in their veins and therefore do not pass through the liver.
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What are the steps in the development of a new drug?
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1) laboratory studies 2) clinical studies (humans) 3) efficacy and side-effects 4) extensive trialling 5) review by drug administration
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Define side- effect
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Any effect other than the intended effect of the drug treatment
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What are the side effects of Morphine?
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feeling of drowsiness, slow weak breathing, mental confusion, seizures, nausea, constipation, desensitization of medulla oblangata (--> regulation of breathing)
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what is a lethal dosage?
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tests performed on all pharmaceuticals / medicined drugs to establish their toxicity
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Describe oral administration
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drug is taken by mouth and enters the digestive system before absorbed into bloodstream, simple and cheap, most popular.
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What are the ways or administering drugs?
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1.) Oral administration 2.) Injection 3.) Suppositories 4.) Inhalation
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What are suppositories?
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Injections made into the vagina or rectum, to minimalize metabolisum in the liver. They are made from waxy polymers, which slowly melt at body temperature, thus releasing the drug into the mucous / bloodstream.
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DescribeOral Administration
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Drug is taken by mouth and enters the digestive system before absorbed into bloodstream, simple and cheap, most popular.
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Describe Suppositories
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To minimize metabolism in the liver, some drugs are injected into the vagina or rectum, since veins in these organs do not carry absorbed food hence do not pass directly through the liver - most of the blood and dissolved drug is transported to other body tissues. Drugs administered via the vagina and anus are given in the from of pessaries or suppositories, made from waxy polymer which slowly melt at body temp releasing drug and absorbed into the loodstream.
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Why will some oral medicines be covered in enteric coating?
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Because it goes through the digestive system before entering the bloodstream, which is very acidic and can therefore hydrolyse many drugs. The enteric coating makes it more acid resistant, although it does not neccessarily prevent the drug from hydrolysing.
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What does Ventolin do?
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It's given to asthma patients: it dilates their cronchiolis, as fine, moist droplets reach the lungs.
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What is the therapeutic window?
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The ratio of LD50 to ED50.
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What is MDMA better known as?
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Ecstacy
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WHy are drugs most often absorbed in the small intestines?
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The small intestines are 'folded' multiple times in the body, increasing the surface area for the drug to be absorbed. Similarly, the small intestines have small hair like villi in the lining so that it additionally increases the surface area. The drugs passed through the small intestines make the drug more soluble.
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What is a narcotic?
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pain relieving and sleep inducing drug.
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What does the term side effects describe?
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Used to describe any effect other than the intended effect of drug treatment. May be negative, neutral or positive for the patient.
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If we have a drug tha has large LD50 is it toxic or not and do we need big quantity of small quantity for toxic response?
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It is relatively non toxic therefore we need large quantity for toxic response
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Why are volunteer patients tested out with the new drugs in a laboratory?
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To check the safety, the dosage required for effectiveness and the side-effects that may occur.
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