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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Order for solution for 3 problems of surgery |
Pain, infection, blood loss |
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How was the pain of surgery solved |
Chloroform |
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Facts for chloroform (4) |
-james Simpson discovered - John snow found dosage - Queen Vic made it fashionable - Hannah greener overdosed |
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Anaesthetics prior to chloroform |
Alcohol, laughing gas |
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What was the period between Simpson and Lister known as |
The dark period of surgery as although patients had no pain, they were now dying of infection and blood loss as surgeries were longer |
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What was sprayed as an antiseptic |
Carbolic acid sprayed as an antiseptic |
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Problem of carbolic acid |
Made surgery slippery |
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When were blood groups discovered |
19th Century |
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Positive of blood groups discovery |
Meant blood transfusions could take place so surgery improved |
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What was medieval idea on the cause of disease |
Miasma a form of bad air |
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Ideas for causes of black death (3) |
Miasma Unusual positioning of planets God's punishment for sins |
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When was the black death |
1348 |
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Facts about black death (3) |
½ population of Britain died Spread in crowded areas Wages went up |
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Facts about medieval physicians (4) |
Went to university Very expensive Diagnosed but rarely treated Used urine charts and astronomy charts |
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Facts about apothecary (4) |
More popular than physicians Made potions and remedies Less expensive than physicians Used passed down knowledge |
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What did vesalius disprove of Galen |
That the human jawbone was two bones instead of the correct- one |
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What book did vesalius write and when |
1543, fabrica |
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What did Harvey disprove about Galen and when |
Galen thought blood was used up and made in the liver, when it is actually circulated 1628 |
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When was printing press made |
1440 |
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Positives of printing press (2) |
Medical books no longer have to be censored by church More people can read and write |
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Overview of renaissance |
New ideas about anatomy but no new ideas about causes of disease |
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When were microscopes developed |
1702 - Anthony Van leeuwenhoek |
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When was the royal society established |
1660 |
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What did leeuwenhoek call microscopic organism |
Animacules |
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How many mistakes of Galen did vesalius discover |
300 |
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Which religious leader goes against punishment theory (for bubonic plague) and what did he say |
Archbishop Zouche of York issued a warning of 'great mortalities, pestilences and infections of the air'. |
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What did Pare do |
made an ointment while treating war wounds, instead of using cauterisation which meant less agony for soldiers |
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What was pares ointment made of |
rose oil, turpentine, egg yolk |
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Parts of the public health act of 1875 (4) |
compulsory medical officers provision of clean water sewage drainage local authorities could knock down slum housing |
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Why was Ether controversial |
it was flammable and irritated the lungs |
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Why was the chadwick report unsuccessful and when was it |
1842, there was a lack of implementing the changes it suggested |
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Conclusion from industrial period |
pasteur, lister and simpson all had big discoveries, but limitation was the government implementing those discoveries |
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name of report that suggested a national health service |
1942, beveridge report |
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What was the national insurance act |
a law passed in 1911 that gave sick pay and unemployment pay |
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When was penicillin discovered |
1928 |
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When was the NHS created |
1948 |
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Queen Victoria quote on Chloroform |
she gave birth to Prince Leopold and said it was 'delightful beyond measure' |
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when was the industrial revolution |
1760-1840 |
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what was in the Chadwick report |
a link between poor living standards and the spread and growth of diseases |
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What was the theory for disease in the early 18th century |
spontaneous generation |
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When was germ theory published |
1861 |
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principles of Pasteur's germ theory (3) |
microbes can be killed by heating them the air contains living micro-organisms microbes in the air cause decay |
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For how long was spontaneous generation theory in britain |
until the 1870s |
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what discoveries did Robert Koch have (2) |
discovered the bacteria causing anthrax and tuberculosis identified cholera and proved it was in water supplies |
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Who first developed vaccines |
Edward Jenner |
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When was Jenner's work for vaccines |
1796 |
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Who did Jenner test his theory on |
James Phipps |
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Who discovered penicillin |
Alexander Fleming |
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Who developed the findings of Fleming |
Florey and Chain |
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What enabled the development of penicillin |
1942WW2 which caused the US government to fund Florey and Chain and US drug companies mass produced it |
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How many soldiers saved by penicillin |
one in 7 UK soldiers |
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Who is credited for the discovery of the human gene |
Watson and Crick |
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when was the human genome project launched |
1990 |
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question types |
2 features of how useful how could you follow up explain one way ... similar/different explain why how far do you agree |
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first station for chain of evacuation |
regimental aid post |
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Who gave first aid at the Regiment aid post and what was the transportation to there |
first aid administered by regimental medical officers and carried there by stretcher bearers |
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Second stage for chain of evacuation |
Dressing station |
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How were soldiers brought to dressing station |
field ambulances as they were carrying a mile back from front line |
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third stage for chain of evacuation |
casualty clearing station |
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Features of Casualty clearing station (4) |
several miles back well equipped staffed by doctors and nurses used triage system |
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What was developed by CCS |
The triage system where life-threatening injuries are prioritised |
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Stage 4 for chain of evacuation |
Base hospitals |
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Features of base hospitals (4) |
located on the coast many medical staff some patients sent home by ship specialised treatments |
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What was Hippocrates' main ideas |
four humours and observation |
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Sydenham key points (4) |
disagreed with 4 humours classified different diseases observed symptoms humanist |
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What did John Harrington do |
invented a way to flush away sewage |
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Florence Nightingale key points |
believed in miasma so emphasised cleanliness and hygiene cut the death rate in Scutari hospital from 42 to 2% helped during Crimean war 1853-1856 |
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What vaccines did Pasteur develop (3) |
Chicken cholera, anthrax, rabies |
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when was the structure of DNA discovered |
1953 |
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who led the Human Genome Project |
James Watson |
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when were the four blood types discovered |
1901-02 |
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What does FANY stand for |
First Aid Nursing Yeomanry |
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what was added to blood to stop it clotting and when |
1915 Sodium citrate, and then 1916, citrate glucose= could be stored even longer |
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What happened at the battle of cambrai |
1917, blood stored in preparation for in 'blood depot' |
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what were Harvey Cushing discoveries (2) |
local anaesthetic better than general anaesthetic for brain surgery he used magnets to remove metal fragments |
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What did the Thomas Splint do + % |
kept leg rigid survival rate went from 20-82% |
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type of source for statistical questions |
official RAMC records |
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when was the great plague |
1665 |
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ideas about causes of Great Plague |
astrology (previous year) miasma - stinking rubbish punishment from God from other people |
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Royal College of Physicians advice during Great Plague |
1. Pray 2. Quarantine 3. Special diet 4. smelling herbs |
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what was the government action during the great plague (4) |
all streets kept clean quarantining carts to collect the dead bodies large gatherings banned |
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treatments for black death |
confess sins bleeding and purging smelling herbs remedies from apothecaries praying |
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main belief for cause of disease 1250-1500 |
religious explanations leprosy astrology theory of the four humours miasma |
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why was there a continuation of ideas in the Middle Ages |
Churches censorship + love of Galen lack of alternatives - dissections not allowed |
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Features of middle ages hospitals |
did not treat the sick offered hospitality run by nuns kept clean pregnant women often not allowed sharing of beds |
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renaissance time period |
1500-1700 |
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continuity of ideas for renaissance (2) |
miasma still believed remedies and cures |
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Change in ideas for renaissance (4) |
rise of humanism improved ideas on anatomy disease came from outside the body new herbal remedies |
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what is humanism |
idea that God isn't responsible for everything |
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Example of new remedies during renaissance |
yellow herbs to treat jaundice |
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when did The British Government make Edward Jenner's vaccine compulsory |
1852 |
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Continuity of ideas 1700-1900 |
1700, miasma |
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Change of ideas 1700-1900 |
no belief in 4 Humours spontaneous generation -> germ theory aseptic surgery anaesthetics |
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Koch influence |
stains for microbes discovery of microbes that cause diseases (diphtheria) new method of growing microbes - used by other scientists |
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Technological factors affecting understanding of the causes of disease 1700-1900 (3) |
microscopes petri dish dyes to see bacteria |
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individuals factors affecting understanding of the causes of disease 1700-1900 (2) |
Pasteur - Germ Theory 1861 Koch - proved link between bacteria and disease |
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institutions factors affecting understanding of the causes of disease 1700-1900 (2) |
British government did not help improve understanding as they were hands off until 19th century they couldn't implement anything as a result of Germ theory |
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Societal attitudes factors affecting understanding of the causes of disease 1700-1900 (2) |
enlightenment in Europe - encouragement to think for yourself overcrowded cities |
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hospitals by 1900 features (4) |
different wards, separate operating theatre used antiseptics a place for treatment more doctors |
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what did John Snow do (3) |
Realised cholera was effecting people who drank from a street pump Removed the handle, infections decreased Made link between sewage water infiltrating water supply |
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When was the electron microscope developed |
1931 and helpful with genetic discoveries |
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what was the first magic bullet |
Salvarsan 606 -syphilis |
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magic bullet for blood poisoning |
prontosil |
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what did FANY do (4) |
drive ambulances drove supplies to frontline mobile bath unit volunteers |
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trench system key points (2) |
trenches formed zig-zag to absorb power of artillery communication trenches linked rows of trenches |
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example of disease for soldier on the western front (6) |
Gas attacks shell shock bullet wounds trench foot trench fever head injuries |
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When were Brodie helmets issued |
late 1915 |
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horse drawn carriage + and - |
didn't break down coped well on rough terrain injured were shaken about too high influx of injuries |
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Motorised ambulances + and - |
broke down smoother journey fast |
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What did barge + ship ambulances do |
took wounded to base hospitals |
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What method of transportation were there |
stretcher bearer horse drawn ambulances motorised ambulances ambulance trains barge + ship ambulance |
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reason for public health act 1875 |
more men could vote |
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when did Joseph lister first use carbolic acid |
1865 |
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when did James Simpson discover chloroform |
1847 |
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when was the crimean war |
1853-1856 |
