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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is inulin
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exogenous substance
a plant carbohydrate neither reabsorbed or secreted not a good marker of filtration rate because it has to be infused |
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what is creatinine used for
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measure GFR
not as good as inulin but it doesn't have to be infused like inulin |
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what is creatinine affected by
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muscle mass
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what % of GFR needs to be declined to see a significant rise in creatinine
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50%
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where does creatinine come from
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metabolic breakdown of creatine, a component of skeletal muscle
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which substance affects the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus
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prostaglandin
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which substance affects the efferent arteriole of the glomerulus
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angiotensin II
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what is AKI
acute kidney impairment |
A fall in GFR occurring over hours to days that results in impaired fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes.
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what are the causes of renal failure (3)
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Decrease permeability or
reduce capillary surface area for filtration or rise in early tubular pressure |
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what are 5 types of renal failure diseases
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Acute tubular necrosis
Acute interstitial nephritis Glomerular disease (e.g. RPGN) Small vessel disease (e.g. vasculitis) Tubular obstruction (e.g. myeloma casts) |
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what test can differentiate between pre renal and renal failure
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urine biochemistry
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what is the no. 1 critical investigation for AKI
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kidney ultrasound to check for urinary tract obstruction
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what is the most common cause of AKI
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acute tubular necrosis (hypoxic AKI)
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what are the prostaglandins the kidney produces
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PGE2
prostacyclin |
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what effect does prostacyclin have on the kidneys
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increases GFR and angiotensin II (efferent vasoconstriction)
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what effect does PGE2 have on the kidneys
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PGE2 exerts potent diuretic and natriuretic effects on the kidney. This action is mediated in part by direct inhibition of collecting duct Na+ absorption via a Ca++-coupled mechanism
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if you have a pre renal problem then what is the Na+ urine biochemistry
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LOW Na+ (<20 mmol/L)
the tubular function is maintained to reabsorb Na+ |
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if you have ATN then what is the Na+ urine biochemistry
(acute tubular necrosis) |
high urinary Na+ (>20 mmol/L)
the tubules aren't able to reabsorb Na+ |
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what are 4 dialysis indications
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uremia
hyperkalaemia acidosis fluid overload |
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what can you treat hyperkalaemia
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calcium gluconate
glucose insulin bicarbonate resonium dialysis |
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how can you treat acidosis
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bicarbonate
dialysis |
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how can you treat hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia
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supplementation
binders |
