Medical Vocab: Lesson 8 Extra Notes

Front 1

Latin, like Greek, is an inflected language, and nouns, romouns, and edjectives have different endings to indicate their grammatical function in a sentence. Latin nouns are divided into five classificatins, or groups, called ________________, and in each of these _________________ the endings of the various grammatical cases are substantially different in both singular and plural. The first three of the _________________ produce most English derivatives.

Back 1

declensions

Front 2

Nouns of the first declension end in _____ in the nominative singular, the vocabulary form of the noun.

Back 2

-a

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The combining form of these nouns is found by dropping the final -a. Latin nouns of the first declinsion appear in english in either their vocabulary form or witht he final -a dropped or changed to silent -e: examples

Back 3

fistula - pipe - fistula
lumpha - clear water - lumph
tunica - garment - tunic
membrana - skin - membrane
sutura - seam - suture

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The nominative plural of first-declension nouns is -ae: examples

Back 4

antenna, antennae
larva, larvae
vertebra, vertebrae

Front 5

The genitive singular of first-declination nouns ends in -ae. This form is sometimes found in descriptive terminology and can be translated by the word (of): examples

Back 5

os coxae: os, bone; coxae, hip - bone of the hip
cervix vesicae: cervix, neck; vesica, bladder - neck of the bladder

Front 6

Nouns of the second declination are either masculine or neuter. Masuline nouns in the nominative end in -us, and neuter nouns end in -um. The comining form of these nouns is found by dropping this ending. NOuns of the second declension are usually found in the vocabulary form, but someitmes the ending is dropped or changed ot silent -e: examples

Back 6

bacillus - small staff - bacillus
fungus - mushroom - fungus
globus - sphere - globe
digitus - finnger - digit
palatum - palate - palate
instestinum - intestine - intestine

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The nominative plural of second-declension masuline nouns is -i: examples

Back 7

bacillus, bacilli
fungus, fungi

Front 8

The plural of neuter nouns is -a. This form is sometimes found in descriptive terminology: examples

Back 8

cervix uteri: (cervix, neck; uterus, womb) neck of the uterus
labium cerebri: (labium, lip, margin; cerebrum, brain) margin of the brain

Front 9

The genitive plural of these nouns ends in -orum: examples

Back 9

icterus neonatorum, ([Greek] neos, new; [Latin] natus, born) jaundice of newborns

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FYI

Back 10

Latin nouns of the third declension are like Greek third-declension nouns in that it is not always possible to determine the base of these nouns by knowing the nominative singular, the dictionary form. To find the base it is usually necessary to know the form of some case other than the nominative. For this reason, dictionaries and vocabularies cite, along with the nominative case the genitive singular, which ends in -is. The base is found by dropping this ending. In forming English words, often the nominative case is used alone, and sometimes suffixes are added directly to it. More often, however, the base of these nouns is used to form compound words. Third declension nouns can be masuline, feminine, or neuter. (In this manual, if the base of a noun is the same as the dictionary form, or if the genitive case is the same as the nominative case, the genitive case is not given in the vocabularies)

Front 11

Genetive Singular
The genetive singular of nouns of the first, second, and third declensions is sometimes found in descriptive terminology and can be translated by the word "of": examples

Back 11

These are: meaning of
1st decl -ae vesicae of the bladder
2nd decl -i (singular) uteri of the uterus
2nd decl -orum (plural) neonatorum of newborns
3rd decl -is dentis of the tooth
corona capitis (corona, crown; caput, capitis, head) crown of the head

Front 12

NOMINATIVE PLURAL of masc & fem of 3rd decl ends in -es; examples

Back 12

cervix, cervicis (neck): cervix (plural, cervices)
naris, naris (nostril: naris (plural, nares)
ren, renis (kidney): ren (plural, renes)

Front 13

NOMINATIVE PLURAL of neuter nouns ends in -a: examples

Back 13

corpus, corporis (body): corpus (plural, corpora)
genus, generis (kind); genus (plural, genera)
viscus, visceris (internal organ): viscus (plural, viscera)

Front 14

There are a few nouns of the fourth and fifth declensions in medical terminology. MOst 4th declension mouns are masculine and end in -us in the nominative singular, with the plural ending in -us: exammples

Back 14

meatus (passage): meatus (plural, meatus)-meatoscopy, meatotomy

plexus (a braid): plexus (plural, plexus or plexuses)

Front 15

Neuter nouns of the fourth declension end in -u in the nominative singular: examples

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genu (knee): genupectoral, pertaining to the knees and chest (pectus, pectoris, chest)

Front 16

The nominative plural of fourth declension neuter nouns ends in -ua: examples

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cornu (horn): cornu (plural, gornua)

Front 17

The nominative singular of fifth declension nouns ends in -es: examples

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caries (decay)
rabies (madness)
scabies (itch)

Front 18

FYI - 5th declension

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Most fifth declension nouns are feminine; the plural is identical to the singular in the nominative case

Front 19

Nominative Singular and Plural endings are like English ending -e

Back 19

gives singular or plural meaning

Front 20

LATIN ADJECTIVES
What are the two classes of Latin adjectdives-

Back 20

They are either of the first and second declension, with ending like those of masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns of the first and second declenisons; or of the third declension.

Front 21

First & Second declension adjectives are cited in Latin dictionaries and grammar texts using the masculine singular, ending in -us, as the entry form, and following it with the feminine and neuter endings -a and -um; examples

Back 21

bonus; -a, -um (good)
magnus; -a, -um (large)
medius; -a, -um (middle)

However, in this manual they will be cited using -us which is the dictionary form. Please read paragraph on Adjectives.

Front 22

LATIN PREFIXES

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Like Greek prefixes, modify or qualify the meaning of the word to which they are affixed. It is difficult to assign a specific meaning to each, and often necessary to adapt a meaning that will fit the particular use of a word.

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LATIN PREFIXES

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-could have more than one prefix and, in compound words, a prefix mayh follow a combining form.

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LATIN PREFIXES

Back 24

-are sometimes used with Greek combining forms

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LATIN SUFFIXES

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-are elements that are added to the combining forms of nouns, adjectives, and verbs to form new words. They are either abstract or concrete.

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Abstract nouns

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-indicate a state, quality, condition, procedure, or process.

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Concrete nouns

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-give names to objects and agents.

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Adjectives

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-impart qualities or characteristics to nouns.

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FYI

Back 29

Most Latin suffixes have come into English in a form slightly changed from their original as a result of their transition through French.

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FYI

Back 30

When the base of a noun or adjective ends in a consonant and the suffix begins witha consonant, a connecting vowel, usually i, but sometimes o or u, is inserted.

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FYI

Back 31

ADjectival suffixes usually come into English in a form slightly changed from their original.

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FYI

Back 32

Many Latin adjectives end in -eus, -ea, or -eum which explains the presence of -e- in many English words: esophageal, sanguineous, cesarean, and so forth.

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-AD

Back 33

The English suffix -ad forms adverbs from nouns. These adverbs indicate direction toward a part of the body:
dextrad - toward the right side (dextra, the right hand)
sinistrad toward the left side (sinistra, the left hand)
cephalad - toward the head (Greek kephale, head)

Front 34

DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES

Back 34

There was a group of suffixes in Latin that formed minutive nnouns form other nouns. These diminuties were nouns of the first or second declension, eding in -us, -a, or -um depending on the gender of the noun to which they were affixed, and were all characterized by the presence of a single or double l.

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DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES

Back 35

-charactcerized by the presence of a single or double l and exprress the idea of smallness

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NOTE:

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A word may have more than one suffix - adiposity, morbidity.

Greek prefixes and suffixes may be used with Latin words - adipositis, periocular.

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NOTE:

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Greek and Latin words may be combined in a single term - cardiopulmonary (greek kardia, heart; Latin pulmo, pulmonis, lung)

Such words are known as hybrids.

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NOTE:

Back 38

Many Latin words and expressions are used in medical terminology in their oringinal form: medulla bolongata, cerebellum, labium oris, auris externa, auricle

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NOTE:

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The nominative singular, the vocabulary form, of some words (radix, tussis, abdomen, auris, and viscus, for example) is used in medical terminology.

Front 40

As spoken Latin gradually became French, a number of sound changes took place. Teh sound of an initial Latin c, when followed by a, usually developed into ch in French: examples

Back 40

Latin caballus (horse) - French cheval
Latin caldus (hot) - French chaud
Latin castus (pure) - French chaste

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FYI-

Back 41

The words vaccine and vaccination come from the Latin vacca - cow

Front 42

FYI-

Back 42

The words occiput and sinciput show a reduction of the a form caput to i in the nominative case and of the u to i in the genitive case.

This can also be seen in the words: biceps, tricepts whicfh are also from caput

Front 43

in- (becomes il- before l; im- before b, m, and p; ir- before r)

Back 43

repeat card but it is important to remember that it changes when in front of particular letters

meaining - in, into

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-ine

Back 44

suffix that forms names of substances

Front 45

auricular

Back 45

aur
ic
ul(e) forms diminutives meaning small
ar

Front 46

auris

Back 46

aur
is genitive ending meaning of p89