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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
a- (an- before a vowel or b)
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Prefix
not, without, lacking, deficient a-biogenesis; an-algesia |
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anti- (ant- often before a vowel or b; hyphenated before i)
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Prefix
against, opposed to, preventing, relieving anti-biotic; anti-retroviral |
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di- (rarely dis-)
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Prefix
two, twice, double di-phonia; dis-diaclast |
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dys-
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Prefix
difficult, painful, defective, abnormal dys-menorrhea; dys-trop |
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ec- (ex- before a vowel)
SPECIAL NOTE: the ex in most words is derived from LATIN examples; excrete, exhale, extensor, ecudate |
Prefix
out of, away from ec-tasis; ex-encephalia |
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ecto- (ect- often before a vowel)
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Prefix
outside of ecto-derm; ect-ostosis |
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en- (em- before b, m and p)
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Prefix
in, into, within en-cephalitis; em-metropia |
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endo-, ento- (end-, ent- before a vowel)
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Prefix
within en-dogenous; en-toptic |
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epi- (ep- before a vowel or b)
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Prefix
upon, over, above epi-cardium; ep-encephalon |
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exo-
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Prefix
outside, from the outside, toward the outside exo-cardia; exo-thermal |
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hemi-
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Prefix
half, partial, (often) one side of the body hemi-cardia; hemi-gastrectomy |
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hyper-
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Prefix
over, above, excessive, beyond normal hyper-hidrosis; hyper-parathyroidism |
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hypo- (hyp- before a vowel or b)
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Prefix
under, deficient, below normal hypo-chondria; hyp-algesia |
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mono- (mon- before a vowel or b)
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Prefix
one, single mono-blast; mono-neuritis |
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peri-
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Prefix
around, surrounding peri-antiitis; peri-cardiac |
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syn- (sym- before b, p, and ; the n assimilates or is dropped before s)
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Prefix
together, with, joined syn-apse; sy-stolic |
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-a
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Noun-forming suffix
state, condition dyspne-a; erythroderm-a |
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-ac (rare)
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Ajective-forming suffix
pertaining to, located in cardi-ac; ile-ac |
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-ia; (often appears as -y)
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Noun forming suffix
state or condition; process, procedure anem-ia; hypertroph-y |
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-iac (rare)
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Noun-forming suffix
person afflicted with hemophil-iac; man-iac |
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-iasis
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Noun-forming suffix
disease, abnormal condition, abnormal presence of with lith- formation or presence of calculi in the body elephant-iasis; ancylostom-iasis |
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-ic
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Adjective-forming suffix
pertaining to, located in parapleg-ic; anorex-ic |
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-ic
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Noun-forming suffix
drug or agent person suffering from a disability or condition analges-ic; tox-ic |
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-in, -ine
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Noun-forming suffix
forms names of substances adrenal-in; epinephr-ine |
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-ist
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Noun-forming suffix
a person interested in cardiolog-ist; hematolog-ist |
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-itic
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Adjective-forming suffix
pertaining to, pertaining to inflammation arthr-itic |
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-itic
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Noun-forming suffix
drug, agent antineur-itic |
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-itis
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Noun-forming suffix
inflammation gastr-itis; periton-itis |
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-itides
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Plural Noun-forming suffix
Plural of -itis arthr-itides; dermat-itides |
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-ium, (rarely -eum)
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Noun-forming suffix
membrane, connective tissue endometr-ium; periton-eum |
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-ium, (rarely -eum)
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Noun-forming suffix
in a few words -ium names a region of the body epigastr-ium; hypochondr-ium |
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-ma, (combining form -mat) (sometimes -m)
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Noun-forming suffix
abnormal, diseased condition ade-ma; trau-ma |
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-ma, (combining form -mat) (sometimes -m
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Combining Form
abnormal, diseased condition ede-mat-ogenic; trau-mat-ic |
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-ma, (combining form -mat) (sometimes -m)
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Combining Form
abnormal, diseased condition phleg-m; sper-m |
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-osis
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Noun-forming suffix
abnormal, diseased condition nephr-osis; scler-osis |
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-otic
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Adjective-forming suffix
pertaining to, located in nephr-otic; scler-otic |
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-sia
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Noun-forming suffix
state, condition, process, procedure amne-sia; dyspha-sia |
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-sis
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Noun-forming suffix
state, condition, process, procedure antisep-sis; prophylaxis (prophylac-sis) |
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-tic
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Adjective-forming suffix (forms adjectives form nouns ending in -sis)
pertaining to antisep-tic; eme-tic |
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-tic
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Noun-forming suffix
drug, agent antineuro-tic; antispasmo-tic a person suffering from a disability or condition neuro-tic; arthr-itic |
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-y
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Noun-forming suffix
state, condition, process, procedure hypertroph-y; microcephal-y |
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acanth-
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Combining Form
thorn, spine acanth-ocytosis |
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alg-
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Combining Form
pain my-alg-ia |
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alges-
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Combining Form
sensitivity to pain alges-ia |
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all-
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Combining Form
other, divergence, difference from all-oplasia |
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angi-
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Combining Form
blood vessel, duct angi-ocarditis |
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arteri-
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Combining Form
artery arteri-ogram |
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arthr-
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Combining Form
joint arthr-itis |
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bi-
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Combining Form
life bi-ology |
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brady-
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Combining Form
slow brady-rhythmia |
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cardi-
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Combining Form
heart cardi-ogram |
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cephal-
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Combining Form
head cephal-algia |
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crani-
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Combining Form
skull epi-crani-um |
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cyt-
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Combining Form
cell leuko-cyt-e |
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encephal-
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Combining Form
brain encephal-itis |
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erythr-
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Combining Form
red, red blood cell erythr-ocyte |
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lept-
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Combining Form
thin, fine, slight lept-omeninges |
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leuk-
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Combining Form
white, white blood cell leuk-emia |
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lith-
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Combining Form
stone angio-lith |
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log-
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Combining Form
word, study bio-log-y |
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malac-
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Combining Form
soft malac-osteon |
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mes-
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Combining Form
middle, secondary, partial, mesentery mes-oderm |
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-meter, metr-
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Combining Form
measure, measuring device (words ending in -meter indicate an instrument for measuring) bio-metr-y |
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nephr-
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Combining Form
kidney nephr-ectomy |
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neur-
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Combining Form
[tendon] nerve, nervous system neur-ology |
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oste-
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Combining Form
bone oste-oporosis |
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prosop-
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Combining Form
face prosop-ospasm |
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prot-
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Combining Form
first, primitive, early prot-oneuron |
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scler-
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Combining Form
hard scler-oderma |
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sten-
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Combining Form
narrow sten-ocephaly |
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stere-
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Combining Form
solid, having three dimensions stere-otropism |
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tachy-
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Combining Form
rapid tachy-cardia |
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tox(i)-
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Combining From
poison tox-in |
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-logy
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Suffix Form of log-
study, science, the study or science of cardio-logy |
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-logist
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Suffix Form of log-
one who specializes in a certain study or science neuro-logist |
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-malacia
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Suffix Form of malac-
the softening (of tissues) of |
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-sclerosis
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Suffix Form scler-
the hardening (of tissues) of arterio-sclerosis |
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-stenosis
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Suffix Form sten-
the narrowing (of a part of the body) angio-stenosis |
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-toxic
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Suffix Form of tox-
poisonous (to an organ) cardio-toxic |
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-toxin
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Suffix Form of tox-
a substance poisonous to (a part of the body) neuro-toxin |
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-osis
|
Suffix
indicates an abnormal condition: neurosis, psychosis |
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-osis
|
Suffix
When affixed to a combining form indicating an organ or a part of the body, it usually indicates a noninflammatory diseased conditon: nephrosis, endometriosis. |
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-osis
|
Suffix
Following the combining form cyt- (cell) it means an abnormal increase in number of the type of cell indicated: leukocytosis, erythrocytosis |
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-osis
|
Suffix Form
Following the combining form for an adjective, it indicates the abnormality characterized by the meaning of the adjective: stenosis-narrowing of a passage sclerosis-hardening of tissues cyanosis-bluish discoloration of a part |
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-osis
Special Words anastomosis |
a surgical or pathological connection between two passages
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-osis
Special Words exostosis |
a bony growth arising form the surface of a bone
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-osis
Special Words aponeurosis |
a sheet of tissue connecting muscles to bones
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-osis
Special Words symbiosis |
the living together in close association of two organisms of different species
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-osis
Special Words antibiosis |
the association between two organisms in which one is harmful to the other
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The ADJECTIVAL FORM for words ending in -osis is -otic
give examples |
EXAMPLES:
neurosis - neurotic psychosis - psychotic nephrosis - nephrotic symbiosis - symbiotic |
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The word etiology is from the Greek noun aitia (cause, origin) with the suffix form -logy. the etiology of a disease or an abnormal condition is its cause or origin. In medical dictionaries it is usually abbreviated
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etiol
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xeros
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Greek NOUNS
dry xeroderma |
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splen
|
Greek NOUNS
spleen spleenomegaly |
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phono
|
Greek NOUNS
voice phonology |
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thorax
|
Greek NOUNS
chest cavity thorocentesis |
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Diphthongs
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Greek Latin English Greek ex meaning Eng ex
ai ae e haima blood hematology ei ei ei or i cheir hand cheirospasm oi oe e oidema swelling edema ou u u gloutus buttock gluteal |
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declension
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the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjective
Greek nouns are DECLINED in five grammatical cases in both singular and plural: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative and vocative |
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nominative
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A noun or pronoun is in the “Nominative Case” when it is the subject of a sentence, or when it completes a being verb.
Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative. |
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genitive
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A noun or pronoun is in the “Genitive Case” when it shows possession
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dative
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A noun or pronoun is in the Dative Case when it is used as an indirect object
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accusative
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A noun or pronoun is in the “Accusative Case” when it receives the action of a transitive verb, or when it serves as the object of a preposition. Another term for “Accusative” is ‘Objective.”
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vocative
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Names that are being addressed directly are said to be in the vocative case
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first declination
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nouns that are mostly feminine, and end in -e or -a and sometimes in short -a
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second declination
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nouns that are mostly masculine or neuter, and end in -os if masculine and in -on if neuter
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combining form
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the base of nouns of the first and second declensions is found by dropping the ending of the nominative case; suffixes and other combining forms are added to form words
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connecting vowel
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if a suffix or a combining form that begins with a consonant is attached to a combining form that ends in a consonant, then a vowel, called the connecting vowel, usually o and sometimes i or u (espeically with words derived from Latin), is inserted between the two forms
ex: leuk-o-cyte; calc-i-penia; vir-u-lent |
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-e
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on the end of a word is an English ending or suffix
-e is never a connecting vowel and a connecting vowel is never found on the end of a word |
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-on or -os
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on the END of a word is an original Greek ending. Later we will have some original Latin endings.
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Always use suffix forms like -stenosis when they are found on the end of a word. Do not break them down. This is really the only exception to the rule that we break the word down into its elements: examples
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angio-stenosis
aorto-stenosis arterio-stenosis |
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Occasionally when you have two vowels or two consonants together one will drop out
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endosteum = end- oste- -eum
periosteum = peri- oste- -eum |
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In a word like toxicosis because toxic is not at the end it must be broken down
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toxic-osis
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Be sure to look at the information about suffixes on Page 6.
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Most noun-forming suffixes mean state, condition, process or procedure. You must pick out the appropriate one for your Etymological Meaning. For example, in the word photosynthesis you would have to use process for the meaning of -sis. Photosynthesis is not a state or condition it is a process. In question 40 you would not use the meaning state or condition for the -y in osteometry, process or procedure would be a much more appropriate choice. In other words think about your analysis and the meaning of the words you are analyzing.
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break down the word abiosis
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a- not, without, lacking
BI- life -o- connecting vowel -sis state, condition |
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break down the word acanthosis
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ACANTH- thorn, spine
-osis abnormal or diseased condition |