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843 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Organs of the Endocrine System
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Adrenal glands
Ovaries Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Parathyroid glands Pineal glands Pituitary gland Testes Thymus gland Thyroid gland |
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acr/o
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extremities
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aden/o
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gland
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adren/o
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adrenal glands
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adrenal/o
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adrenal glands
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andr/o
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male
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calc/o
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calcium
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crin/o
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secrete
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estr/o
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female
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glyc/o
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sugar
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glycos/o
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sugar
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gonad/o
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sex glands
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home/o
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sameness
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kal/i
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potassium
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natr/o
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sodium
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ophthalm/o
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eye
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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parathyroid/o
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parathyroid gland
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pineal/o
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pineal gland
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pituitar/o
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pituitary gland
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somat/o
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body
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thym/o
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thymus gland
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thyr/o
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thyroid gland
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thyroid/o
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thyroid gland
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tox/o
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poison
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-crine
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to secrete
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-dipsia
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thirst
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-emia
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blood condition
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-tropin
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stimulate
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-uria
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urine condition
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Cortisol
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Regulates carbohydrate levels in the body
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Aldosterone
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Regulates electrolytes and fluid volume in body
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Androgen, estrogen, progesterone
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Responsible for reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics
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Epinephrine (adrenaline)
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Intensifies response during stress; "fight or flight" response
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Norepinephrine
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Chiefly a vasoconstrictor
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Estrogen
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Stimulates development of secondary sex characteristics in females; regulates menstrual cycle
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Progesterone
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Prepares for conditions of pregnancy
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Glucagon
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Stimulates liver to release glucose into the blood
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Insulin
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Regulates and promotes entry of glucose into cells
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Parathyroid hormone
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Stimulates bone breakdown; regulates calcium level in the blood
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Regulates function of adrenal cortex
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Follicle-Stimulating hormone (FSH)
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Stimulates growth of eggs in female and sperm in males
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Growth hormone (GH)
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Stimulates growth of the body
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Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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Regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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Stimulates pigment in skin
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Prolactin
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Stimulates milk production
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
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Regulates function of thyroid gland
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
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Oxytocin
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Stimulates uterine contractions and releases milk into ducts
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Testosterone
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Promotes sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics in males
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Thymosin
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Promotes development of cells in immune system
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Calcitonin
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Stimulates deposition of calcium into bone
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Thyroxine
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Stimulates metabolism in cells
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Triiodothyronine
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Stimulates metabolism in cells
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Edema
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Condition in which the body tissues contain excessive amounts of fluid
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Exophthalmos
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Conditions in which the eyeballs protrude, such as in Grave's Disease. This is generally caused by an overproduction of thyroid hormone
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Gynecomastia
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The development of breast tissue in males. May be a symptom of adrenal ferminization
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Hirsutism
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Condition of having an excessive amount of hair. Term generally used to describe females who have the adult male pattern of hair growth. Can be the result of a hormonal imbalance.
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Hypersecretion
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Excessive hormone production by an endocrine gland
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Hyposecretion
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Deficient hormone production by an endocrine gland
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Metabolism
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Sum of all chemical and physical changes that take place in the body
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Obesity
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Having an abnormal amount of fat in the body
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Syndrome
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Group of symptoms and signs that, when combined, present a clinical picture of a disease or condition.
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Acidosis
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Excessive acidity of body fluids due to the accumulation of acids, as in diabetic acidosis
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Acromegaly
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Chronic disease of adults that results in an elongation and enlargement of the bones of the head and extremities. There can also be mood changes. Due to an excessive amount of growth hormone in an adult.
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Addison's disease
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Disease named for Thomas Addison, a British physician, that results from a deficiency in adrenocortical hormones. There may be an increased pigmentation of the skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss.
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Adenocarcinoma
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A cancerous tumor in a gland that is capable of producing the hormones secreted by that gland. One cause of hypersecretion pathogens.
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Adrenal feminization
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Development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in a male. Often as a result of increased estrogen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
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Adrenal Virilism
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Development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in a female. Often as a result of increased androgen secretion by the adrenal cortex.
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Cretinism
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Congenital condition in which a lack of thyroid may result in arrested physical and mental development.
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Cushing's syndrome
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Set of symptoms named after Harvey Cushing, an American neurosurgeon, that result from hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex. This may be the result of a tumor of the adrenal glands. The syndrome may present symptoms of weakness, edema, excess hair growth, skin discoloration, and osteoporosis.
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Diabetes Insipidus
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Disorder caused by the inadequate secretion of a hormone by th eposterior lobe of the pituitary gland. There may be polyuria and polydipsia. This is more common in the young.
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Diabetes mellitus
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Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria. There are two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus; insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2.
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Diabetic Retinopathy
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Secondary complication of diabetes that affects the blood vessels of the retina, resulting in visual changes and even blindness.
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Dwarfism
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Condition of being abnormally short in height. It may be the result of a hereditary condition or a lack of growth hormone.
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Gigantism
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Excessive development of the body due to the overproduction of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland in a child or teenager. The oppostie of dwarfism.
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Goiter
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland.
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Graves' Disease
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Condition named for Robert Graves, an Irish physician, that results in overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Also called hyperthyroidism.
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Hashimoto's disease
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Chronic form of thyroiditis, named for a Japanese surgeon.
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Hyperthyroidism
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Condition that results from overactivity of the thyroid gland and can cause a crisis situation. Also called Graves' disease.
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Hypothyroidism
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Result of a deficiency in secretion by the thyroid gland. This results in a lowered basal metabolism rate with obesity, dry skin, slow pulse, low blood pressurem sluggishness, and goiter. Treatment is replacement with synthetic thyroid hormone.
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Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
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Also called Type 1 diabetes mellitus. It develops early in life when the pancreas stops insulin production. Persons with IDDM must take daily insulin injections.
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Insulinoma
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Tumor of the islets of Langerhans cells of the pancreas that secretes an excessive amount of insulin.
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Ketoacidosis
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Acidosis due to an excess of acidic ketone bodies (waste products). A serious condition requiring immediate treatment that can result in death for the diabetic patient if not reversed. Also called diabetic acidosis.
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Myxedema
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Condition resulting from a hypofunction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms can include anemia, slow speech, enlarged tongue and facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental apathy.
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Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
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Also called type 2 diabetes mellitus. It develops later in life when the pancreas produces insufficient insulin. Persons may take oral hypoglycemics to stimulate insulin secretion, or may eventually have to take insulin.
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Panhypopituitarinism
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Deficiency in all the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland. Often recognized because of problems with the glands regulated by the pituitary-adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes.
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Peripheral neuropathy
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Damage to the nerves in the lower legs and hands as a result of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms include either extreme sensitivity or numbness and tingling.
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Pheochromocytoma
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Usually benign tumor of the adrenal medulla that secretes epinephrine. Symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, profuse sweating, headache, and nausea.
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Tetany
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Painful muscle cramps that result from hypocalcemia.
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Thyrotoxicosis
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Condition that results from overproduction of the thyroid gland. Symptoms include a rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss.
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von Recklinghausen's
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Excessive production of parathyroid hormone, which results in degeneration of the bones. Named for Friedrich von Recklinghausen, a German histologist.
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Basal Metabolic
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Somewhat outdated test to measure the energy used when the body is in a state of rest.
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Blood serum test
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Blood test to measure the level of substances such as calcium, electrolytes, testosterone, insulin, and glucose. Used to assist in determining the function of various endocrine glands.
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Fasting blood sugar
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Blood test to measure the amount of sugar circulating throughout the body after a 12-hour fast.
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Glucose
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Test to determine the blood sugar level. A measured dose of glucose is given to a patient either orally or intravenously. Blood samples are then drawn at certain intervals to determine the ability of the patient to use glucose. Used for diabetic patients to determine their insulin response to glucose.
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Protein-Bound Iodine
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Blood test to measure the concentration of thyroxine circulating in the bloodstream. The iodine becomes bound to the protein in the blood and can be measured. Useful in establishing thyroid function.
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Radioactive-iodine Uptake
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Test in which radioactive iodine is taken orally (PO) or intravenously (IV). The amount that is eventually taken into the thyroid gland (the uptake) is measured to assist in determining thyroid function.
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Radioimmunoassay
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Test used to measure the levels of hormones in the plasma of the blood.
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Serum glucose
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Blood test performed to assist in determining insulin levels and useful for adjusting medication dosage.
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Thyroid Echogram
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Ultrasound examination of the thyroid that can assist in distinguishing a thyroid nodule from a cyst.
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Thyroid Function Test
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Blood test used to measure the levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the bloodstream to assist in determining thyroid function.
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Thyroid scan
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Test in which a radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in the thyroid gland. The gland can then be visualized with a scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors.
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Total calcium
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Blood test to measure the total amount of calcium to assist in detecting parathyroid and bone disorders.
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Two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test
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Blood test to assist in evaluating glucose metabolism. The patient eats a high carbohydrate diet and fasts overnight before the test. A blood sample is then taken 2 hours after a meal.
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Chemical thyroidectomy
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Large dose of radioactive iodine is given in order to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery.
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Iaparoscopic Adrenalectomy
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Excision of the adrenal gland through a small incision in the abdomen and using endoscopic instruments.
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Lobectomoy
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Excision of only one lobe of the thyroid gland.
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Parathyroidectomy
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Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands. This is performed to halt the progress of hyperparathyroidism.
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Thymectomy
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Removal of the thymus gland
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Thyroidectomy
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Removal of the entire thyroid or a portion (partial thyroidectomy) to treat a variety of conditions, including nodes, cancer, and hyperthyroidism.
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Thyroparathyroidectomy
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Surgical removal (excision) of the thyroid and parathyroid glands.
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Corticosteriods
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Although the function of these hormones in the body is to regulate carbohydrate metabolism, they also have a strong anti-inflammatory action. Therefore they are used to treat severe chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Long-term use of corticosteroids has adverse side effects such as osteoporosis and the symptoms of Cushing's disease.
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Epinephrine
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As a medication, epinephrine is used to constrict blood vessels and block severe allergic reactions.
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Human Growth Hormone Therapy
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Therapy with human growth hormone in order to stimulate skeletal growth. Used to treat children with abnormally short stature.
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Insulin
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Administered to replace insulin for type 1 diabetes or to treat severe type 2 diabetics.
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Oral Hypoglycemic agents
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Medications taken by mouth that cause a decrease in blood sugar. This is not used for insulin-dependent patients. There is no proof that this medication will prevent the agent long-term complications of diabetes mellitus.
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Thyroid replacement
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Given to replace thyroid in patients with hypothyroidism or who have had a thyroidectomy.
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Vasopressin
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Given to control diabetes insipidus and promote reabsorption of water in the kidney tubules.
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ACTH
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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ADH
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Antidiuretic hormone
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BMR
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Basal metabolic rate
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DI
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Diabetes Insipidus
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DM
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Diabetes Mellitus
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FBS
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Fasting blood sugar
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GH
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Growth hormone
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GTT
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Glucose tolerance test
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IDDM
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Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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K+
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Potassium
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LH
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Luteinizing hormone
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MSH
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Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
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Na+
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Sodium
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NIDDM
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Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
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NPH
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Neutral protamine Hagedorn (insulin)
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PBI
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Protein-bound iodine
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PRL
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Prolactin
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PTH
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Parathyroid hormone
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RAI
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Radioactive iodine
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RAIU
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Radioactive iodine uptake
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RIA
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Radioimmunoassay
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T3
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Triiodothyronine
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T4
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Thyroxine
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T7
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Free Thyroxine index
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TFT
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Thyroid function test
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TSH
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Thyroid-stimulating hormone
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Organs of the Nervous System
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Brain
Nerves Spinal Cord |
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Cephal/o
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head
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Cerebell/o
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cerebellum
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cerebr/o
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cerebrum
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encephal/o
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brain
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gli/o
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glue
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medull/o
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medulla
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mening/o
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meninges
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myel/o
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spinal cord
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narc/o
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stupor
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neur/o
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nerve
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phas/o
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speech
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poli/o
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gray matter
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pont/o
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pons
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radicul/o
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nerve root
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thalam/o
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thalamus
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ventricul/o
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ventricle
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-algesia
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pain, sensitivity
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-esthesia
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feeling, sensation
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-kinesia
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movement
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-lepsy
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seizure
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-sthenia
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strength
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-taxia
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muscle coordination
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frontal lobe
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most anterior portion of the cerebrum; controls motor function, personality, and speech
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parietal lobe
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the most superior portion of the cerebrum; receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors and interprets language
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occipital lobe
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the most posterior portion of the cerebrum; controls vision
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temporal lobe
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the left and right lateral portion of the cerebrum; controls hearing and smell
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dura mater
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the name means tough mother; it forms a tough, fibrous sac around the CNS
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subdural space
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the actual space between the dura mater and arachnoid layers
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arachnoid layer
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the name means spider-like; it is a thin, delicate layer attached to the pia mater by web-like filaments
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subarachnoid space
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the space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater; it contains cerebrospinal fluid
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pia mater
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the name means soft mother; it is the innermost membrane layer and is applied directly to the surface of the brain
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olfactory
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transports impulses for sense of smell
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optic
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carries impulses for sense of sight
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oculomotor
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motor impulses for eye muscle movement and the pupil of the eye
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trochlear
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controls oblique muscle of eye on each side
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trigeminal
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carries sensory facial impulses and controls muscles for chewing; branches into eyes, forehead, upper and lower jaw
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abducens
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controls an eyeball muscle to turn eye to side
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facial
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controls facial muscles for expression, salivation, and taste on two-thirds of tongue (anterior)
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vestibulocochlear
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responsible for impulses of equilibrium and hearing; also called auditory nerve
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glossopharyngeal
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carries sensory impulses from pharynx (swallowing) and taste on one-third of tongue
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vagus
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supplies most organ in abdominal and thoracic cavities
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accessory
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controls the neck and shoulder muscles
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hypoglossal
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controls tongue muscles
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aura
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sensations, such as seeing colors or smelling an unusual odor, that occur just prior to an epileptic
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chorea
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involuntary nervous disorder that results in muscular in muscular twitching of the limbs or facial muscles
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coma
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abnormal deep sleep or stupor resulting from an illness or injury
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conscious
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condition of being awake and aware of surroundings
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convulsion
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severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations. these have a variety of causes, such as epilepsy, fever, and toxic conditions.
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delirium
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an abnormal mental state characterized by confusion, disorientation, and agitation
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dementia
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progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with performing the activities of daily living. Patients have little awareness of their condition. Found in disorders such as Alzheimer's.
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focal seizure
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a localized epileptic seizure often affecting one limb.
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grand mal seizure
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a type of severe epileptic seizure characterized by a loss of consciousness and convulsions. It is also called a tonic-clonic seizure, indicating that the seizure alternates between strong continous muscle spasms (tonic) and rhythmic muscle contraction and relaxation (clonic).
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Hemiparesis
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weakness or loss of motion on one side of the body
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hemiplegia
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paralysis on only one side of the body
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intrathecal
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pertaining to within the meninges
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lethargy
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condition of sluggishness or stupor
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neurosurgeoun
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a physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of the nervous systems by surgical means
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palsy
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temporary or permanent loss of the ability to control movement
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paralysis
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temporary or permanent loss of function or voluntary movement
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paraplegia
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paralysis of the lower portion of the body and both legs
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paesthesia
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an abnormal sensation such as burning or tingling
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petit mal seizure
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a type of epileptic seizure that lasts only a few seconds to half a minute, characterized by a loss of awareness and an absennse of activity. It is also called an absence seizure.
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sciatica
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pain in the low back that raiates down the back of a leg caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve from a herniated nucleus pulposus.
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seizure
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sudden attack of severe muscular contractions associated with a loss of consciousness. This is seen in grand mal epilepsy.
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sleep disorder
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any condition that interferes with sleep other than environmental noises. Can include difficulty sleeping (insomnia), extreme sleepiness (somnolence), nightmares, night tremors, sleepwalking, and apnea.
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syncope
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fainting
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tic
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spasmodic, involuntary muscular contraction involving head, face, mouth, eyes, neck, and shoulders.
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tremor
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involuntary quivering movement of a part of the body
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unconscious
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condition or state of being unaware of surroundings, with the inability to respond to stimuli.
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Alzheimer's disease
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chronic, organic mental disorder consisting of dementia, which is more prevalent in adults between 40 and 60. Involves progressive disorientation, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and loss of memory. Named for Alois Alzheimer, a German neurologist.
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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disease with muscular weakness and atrophy due to degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease, after the New York Yankees baseball player who died from the disease.
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Astrocytoma
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Tumor of the brain or spinal cord that is composed of astrocytes, one of the types of neuroglial cells.
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Bell's palsy
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One-sided facial paralysis with an unknown cause. The person cannot control salivation, tearing of the eyes, or expression. The patient will eventually recover. Named for Sir Charles Bell, a Scottish surgeon.
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Brain Tumor
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Intracranial mass, either benign or malignant. A benign tumor of the brain can still be fatal since it will grow and cause pressure on normal brain tissue.
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Cerebral aneurysm
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Localized abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel, usually an artery; the result of a congenital defect or weakness in the wall of the vessel. A ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of a hemorrhagic.
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Cerebral contusion
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Bruising of the brain form a blow or impact. Symptoms last longer than 24 hours and include unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock.
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Cerebral palsy
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nonprogressive brain damage resulting from a defect or trauma at the time of birth
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cerebrovascular accident
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Commonly called a stroke. The development of an infarct due to loss in the blood supply to an area of the brain. Blood flow can be interrupted by a ruptured blood vessel (hemorrhage), a floating clot (embolus), a stationary clot (thrombosis), or compression. The extent of damage depends on the size and location of the infarct and often includes dysphasia and hemiplegia.
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Concussion
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Injury to the brain that results from the brain being shaken inside the skull from a blow or impact. Can result in unconsciousness, dizziness, vomiting, unequal pupil size, and shock. Symptoms last 24 hours or less.
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Encephalocele
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Congenital gap in the skull with the brain protruding through the gap
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Epidural hematoma
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mass of blood in the space outside the dura mater of the brain and spinal cord
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Epilepsy
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Recurrent disorder of the brain in which seizures and loss of consciousness occur as a result of uncontrolled electrical activity of the neurons in the brain.
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Guillan-Barre
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Disease of the nervous system in which nerves lose their myelin covering. May be caused by an autoimmune reaction. Characterized by loss of sensation and/or muscle control in the arms and legs. Symptoms then move toward the trunk and may even result in paralysis of the diaphragm.
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Huntington's Chorea
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Disease of the central nervouse system that results in progressive dementia with bizarre involuntary movements of parts of the body. Named for George Huntington, an American physician.
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Meningioma
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Slow-growing tumor in the meninges of the brain
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Hydrocephalus
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Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain, causing the head to be enlarged. It is treated by creating an artifical shunt for the fluid to leave the brain.
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Meningocele
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Congenital condition in which the meninges protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
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Migraine
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A specific type of headache characterized by severe head pain, photophobia, vertigo, and nausea.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Inflammatory disease of the central nervous system in which there is extreme weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin insulation from nerves.
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Myasthenia gravis
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Disease with severe muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse.
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Myelomeningocele
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Congenital condition in which the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the vertebral column.
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Narcolepsy
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chronic disorder in which there is an extreme uncontrollable desire to sleep
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Parkinson's disease
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chronic disorder of the nervouse system with fine tremors, muscular weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait. Named for Sir James Parkinson, a British physician.
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Reye's syndrome
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combination of symptoms first recognized by R.D.K. Reye, an Australian pathologist, in which there is acute encephalopathy and various organ damage. This occurs in children under 15 years of age who have had a viral infection. For this reason, it's not recommended for children to use aspirin.
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Shingles
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Eruption of vesicles on the trunk of the body along a nerve path. Can be painful and generally occurs on only one side of the body. Thought to be caused by the Herpes Zoster Virus.
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Spina Bifida
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Congenital defect in the walls of the spinal canal in which the laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close. Results in a meningocele or a myelomeningocele-meninges or the spinal cord being pushed through the opening. Can also result in other defects, such as hydrocephalus.
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Spinal Cord injury
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damage to the spinal cord as a result of trauma. Spinal cord may be bruised or completely severed.
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Subdural hematoma
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mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater if the meninges are torn by trauma. May exert fatal pressure on the brain if the hematoma is not drained by surgery.
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tic douloureux
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painful condition in which the trigeminal nerve is affected by pressure or degeneration. the pain is severe stabbing nature and radiates from the jaw and along the face.
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Transient ischemic attack
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temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, causing neurological symptoms such as dizziness, numbness, and hemiparesis. May eventually lead to a full-blown stroke (CVA).
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Babinski's reflex
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Reflex test developed by Joseph Babinski, a French neurologist, to determine lesions and abnormalities in the nervous system. The Babinski reflex is present if the great toe extends instead of flexes when the lateral sole of the foot is stroked. The normal response to this stimulation is flexion of the toe.
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Brain scan
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Injection of radioactive isotopes into the circulation to determine the function and abnormality of the brain.
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Cerebral angiography
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X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after the injection of a radiopaque dye
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Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
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Laboratory examination of the clear, watery, colorless fluid from within the brain and spinal cord. Infections and the abnormal presence of blood can be detected in this test.
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Echoencephalography
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Recording of the ultrasonic echoes of the brain. Useful in determining abnormal patterns of shifting in the brain.
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Electroencephalography
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Recording the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes at various positions on the scalp. Also used in sleep studies to determine if there is a normal pattern of activity during sleep.
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Electromyography
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Recording of the contraction of muscles as a result of receiving electrical stimulation.
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Lumbar puncture
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Puncture with a needle into the lumbar area (usually the fourth intervertebral space) to withdraw fluid for examination and for the injection of anesthesia. Also called spinal puncture or spinal tab.
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Myelography
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Injection of a radiopaque dye into the spinal canal. An X-ray is then taken to examine the normal and abnormal outlines made by the dye.
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Pneumoencephalography
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X-ray examination of the brain following withdrawal of cerebrospinal fluid and injection of air or gas via spinal puncture.
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Positron emisson tomography
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Use of positive radionuclides to reconstruct brain sections. Measurement can be taken of oxygen and glucose uptake, cerebral blood flow, and blood volume. The amount of glucose the brain uses indicates how metabolically active the tissue is.
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Romberg's test
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Test developed by Moritz Romberg, a German physician, that is used to establish neurological function; the person is asked to close his or her eyes and place the feet together. This test for body balance is positive if the patient sways when the eyes are closed.
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carotid endarterectomy
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surgical procedure for removing an obstruction within the carotid artery, a major artery in the neck that carries oxygenated blood to the brain. Developed to prevent strokes, but is found to be useful only in severe stenosis with TIA.
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Cerebrospinal fluid
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A surgical procedure in which a bypass is created to drain cerebrospinal fluid. It is used to treat hydrocephalus by draining the excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain and diverting it to the abdominal cavity.
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Cordectomy
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Removal of part of the spinal cord
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Cryosurgery
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Use of extreme cold to destroy brain tissue. Used to control bleeding and treat brain tumors.
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Laminectomy
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Removal of a portion of a vertebra in order to relieve pressure on the spinal nerve.
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Nerve block
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Method of regional anesthetic to stop the passage of sensory stimulation along a nerve path.
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Sympathectomy
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Excision of a portion of the sympathetic nervous system. Could include a nerve or a ganglion.
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Trephination
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Process of cutting out a piece of bone in the skull to gain entry into the brain or relieve pressure.
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Analgesic
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Non-narcotic medication to treat minor to moderate pain. Includes aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen.
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Anesthetic
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Drugs that produce a loss of sensation or a loss of consciousness.
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Anticholinergic
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Blocks function of the parasympathetic nervous system. Used to treat intestinal, bladder, and bronchial spasms.
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Anticonvulsant
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Reduces the excitability of neurons and therefore prevents the uncontrolled neuron activity associated with seizures.
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Barbiturate
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A drug that depresses CNS activity. Used as a sedative and an anticonvulsant.
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Dopaminergic Drugs
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Group of medications to treat Parkinson's disease by either replacing the dopamine that is lacking or increasing the strength of the dopamine that is present.
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Hypnotic
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Drugs that promote sleep
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Narcotic
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Morphine and related drugs used to treat severe pain. These drugs have the potential to be habit forming if taken for a prolonged time. Also called opiates.
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Sedative
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A drug that has a relaxing or calming effect.
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ALS
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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ANS
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autonomic nervous system
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CNS
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central nervous system
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CP
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cerebral palsy
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CSF
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cerebrospinal fluid
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CVA
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cerebrovascular accident
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CVD
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cerebrovascular disease
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EEG
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eletroencephalogram, electroencephalography
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EMG
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electromyogram
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HA
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headache
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ICP
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intracranial pressure
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LP
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lumbar pressure
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MS
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multiple sclerosis
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PET
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positron emission tomography
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PNS
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peripheral nervous system
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SAH
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subarachnoid hemorrhage
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SCI
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spinal cord injury
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TIA
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transient icschemic attack
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Structures relating to the eye
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choroid
ciliary body conjunctiva cornea eye muscles eyeball eyelids iris lacrimal glands lens lacrimal ducts pupil retina sclera |
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ambly/o
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dull, dim
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aque/o
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water
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blephar/o
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eyelid
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conjunctiv/o
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conjunctiva
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core/o
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pupil
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corne/o
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cornea
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cycl/o
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ciliary muscle
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dacry/o
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tear, tear duct
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dipl/o
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double
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glauc/o
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gray
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ir/o
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iris
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irid/o
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iris
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kerat/o
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cornea
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lacrim/o
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tears
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ocul/o
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eye
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ophthalm/o
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eye
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opt/o
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eye, vision
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optic/o
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eye
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papill/o
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optic disk
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phac/o
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lens
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phot/o
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light
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presby/o
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old age
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pupill/o
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pupil
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retin/o
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retina
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scler/o
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sclera
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uve/o
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vascular
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vitre/o
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glassy
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-chalasis
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relaxation
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-opia
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vision
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-tropia
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to turn
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accommodation
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ability of the eye to adjust to variations in distance
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convergence
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the moving inward of the eyes to see an object close to the face
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ectropion
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term referring to eversion (turning outward) of the eyelid
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emmetropia
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state of normal vision
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entropion
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term referring to inversion (turning inward) of the eyelid
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esotropia
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Inward turning of the eye. An example of a form of strabismus (muscle weakness of the eye).
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exophthalmos
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abnormal protrusion of the eyeball. can be due to hyperthyroidism
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Exotropia
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outward turning of the eye. Also an example of strabismus (muscle weakness of the eye).
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Nyctalopia
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difficulty seeing in dim light. Usually due to damaged rods.
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Optician
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Specialist in grinding corrective lenses.
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Optometrist
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A doctor of optometry specializing in testing visual acuity and prescribing corrective lenses.
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Papilledema
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Swelling of the optic disk. Often as a result of increased intraocular pressure. Also called choked disk.
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Photophobia
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Although the term translates into fear of light, it actually means a strong sensitivity to bright light. A person with photophobia has a strong aversion to being in bright light.
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Presbyopia
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Visual loss due to old agem resulting in difficulty in focusing for near vision (such as reading).
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Refraction
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Eye examination performed to determine and correct refractive errors in the eye
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Refractive
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Defect in the ability of the eye to accurately focus the image that is hitting it. Occurs in farsightedness and nearsightedness.
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Visual field
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the size of the area perceived by one eye when it is stationary.
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Xerophthalmia
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dry eyes
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achromatopsia
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condition of color blindness-unable to perceive one or more colors; more common in males.
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amblyopia
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loss of vision not as a result of eye pathology. Usually occurs in patients who see two images. In order to see only one image, the brain will no longer recognize the image being sent to it by one of the eyes. May occur if strabismus is not corrected. This condition is not treatable with a prescription lens. Commonly referred to as lazy eye.
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Astigmatism
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A condition in which light rays are focused unevenly on the retina, which causes a distorted image, due to an abnormal curvature of the cornea.
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Blepharochalasis
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In this condition, the upper eyelid increases in size due to a loss of elasticity, which is followed by swelling and recurrent edema of the lids. The skin may droop over the edges of the eyes when the eyes are open.
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Cataract
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damage to the lens causing it to become opaque or cloudy, resulting in diminished vision. Treatment is usually surgical removal of the cataract.
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Chalazion
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small hard tumor or mass, similar to a sebaceous cyst, developing on the eyelids. May require incision and drainage.
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Corneal abrasion
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scraping injury to the cornea. if it does not heal, it may develop into an ulcer.
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diabetic retinopathy
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these small hemorrhages and edema in the eye develop in the retina as a result of diabetes mellitus. laser surgery and vitrectomy may be necessary for treatment.
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glaucoma
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increase in intraocular pressure, which, if untreated, may result in atrophy (wasting away) of the optic nerve and blindness. Glaucoma is treated with medication and surgery. There is an incresed risk of developing glaucoma in persons over 60 years of age, in people of African ancestry, in persons who have substained a serious eye injury, and in anyone with a family history of diabetes or glaucoma.
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Hemianopia
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Loss of vision in half of the visual field. A stroke patient may suffer from this disorder.
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Hordeolum
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refers to a stye (or sty), a small purulent inflammatory infection of a sebaceous gland of the eye; treated with hot compresses and surgical incision.
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Hyperopia
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with this condition a person can see things in the distance but has trouble reading material at close range. Also known as farsightedness. This condition is corrected with converging or biconvex lenses.
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Macular degeneration
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Deterioration of the macular area of the retina of the eye. May be treated with laser surgery to destroy the blood vessels beneath the macula.
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Monochromatism
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Unable to perceive one color.
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Myopia
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With this condition a person can see things close up but distance vision is blurred. Also known as nearsightedness. This condition is corrected with diverging or biconcave lenses.
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Nystagmus
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Jerky-appearing involuntary eye movements, usually left and right. Often an indication of brain injury.
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pink eye
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a common term for conjunctivitis
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retinal detachment
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occurs when the retina becomes separated from the choroid layer. This separartion seriously damages blood vessels and nerves, resulting in blindness.
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Retinitis pigmentosa
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progressive disease of the eye that results in the retina becoming hard (sclerosed) and pigmented (colored), and atrophying (wasting away). There is no known cure for this condition.
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Retinoblastoma
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A malignant eye tumor that occurs in children, usually under the age of 3. Requires enucleation.
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Strabismus
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An eye muscle weakness resulting in the eyes looking in different directions at the same time. May be corrected with glasses, eye exercises, and/or surgery.
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Trachoma
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Chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea caused by bacteria. Occurs more commonly in people living in hot, dry climates. Untreated, it may lead to blindness when the scarring invades the cornea. Trachoma can be treated with antibotics.
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color vision tests
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Use of polychromic (multicolored) charts to determine the ability of the patient to recognize colors.
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Fluorescein angiography
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Process of injecting a dye (fluorescein) to observe the movement of blood and detect lesions in the macular area of the retina. Used to determine if there is a detachment of the retina.
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Fluorescein
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Applying dye eyedrops that are a bright green fluorescent color. Used to look for corneal abrasions or ulcers.
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Gonloscopy
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Use of an instrument called a gonloscope to examine the anterior chamber of the eye and determine ocular mobility and rotation.
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Keratometry
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Measurement of the curvature of the cornea using an instrument called a keratometer.
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Ophthalmoscopy
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Examination of the interior of the eyes using an instrument called an ophthalmoscope. The physician dilates the pupil in order to see the cornea, lens, and retina. Used to identify abnormalities in the blood vessels of the eye and some systemic diseases.
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Slit Lamp Microscope
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Instrument used in ophthalmology for examining the posterior surface of the cornea.
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Snellen's chart
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Chart used for testing distance vision named for Hermann Snellen, a Dutch ophthalmologist. It contains letters of varying size and it is administered from a distance of 20 feet. A person who can read at 20 feet what the average person can read at this distance is said to have 20/20 vision.
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Tonometry
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Measurement of the intraocular pressure of the eye using a tonometer to check for the condition of glaucoma. After a local anesthetic is applied, the physician places the tonometer lightly on the eyeball and a pressure measurement is taken. Generally part of a normal eye exam for adults.
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Visual acuity
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Measurement of the sharpness of a patient's vision. Usually, a Snellen's chart is used for this test in which the patient identifies letters from a distance of 20 feet.
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Cryoextraction
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procedure in which cataract is lifted from the lens with an extremely cold probe
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Cryoretinopexy
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surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold.
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enucleation
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surgical removal of an eyeball
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keratoplasty
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surgical repair of the cornea (corneal transplant)
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Laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis
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correction of myopia using laser surgery to remove corneal tissue
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Laser photocoagulation
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the use fo a laser beam to destroy very small precise areas of the retina. May be used to treat retinal detachment or macular degeneration.
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Phacoemulsification
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use of high-frequency sound waves to emulsify(liquefy) a lens with a cataract, which is then aspirated (removed by suction) with a needle
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Photorefractive keratectomy
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use of a laser to reshape the cornea and correct errors of refraction
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radial keratotomy
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spoke-like incisions around the cornea that result in it becoming flatter. A surgical treatment for myopia.
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scleral buckling
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placing a band of silicone around the outside of the sclera, which stablizes a detaching retina.
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strabotomy
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incision into the eye muscles in order to correct strabismus.
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anesthetic ophthalmic solution
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eyedrops for pain relief assoiated with eye infections and corneal abrasions.
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antibiotic ophthalmic solution
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eyedrops for the treatment of bacterial eye infections
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antiglaucoma medications
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a group of eyedrops that reduce intraocular pressure by lowering the amount of aqueous humor in the eyeball. May achieve this by either reducing the production of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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artifical tears
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medications, many of them over the counter, to treat dry eyes
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cyclopegic
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drug that paralyzes the ciliary body. Particularly useful during eye examinations and eye surgery.
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miotic
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any substance that causes the pupil to constrict.
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mydriatic
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any substance that causes the pupil to dilate. Particularly useful during eye examinations and eye surgery.
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Acc
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accommodation
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ARMD
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age-related macular degeneration
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Astigm
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astigmatism
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c.gl.
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correction with glasses
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cyl. lens
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cylindrical lens
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D
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diopter (lens strength)
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DVA
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distance visual activity
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ECCE
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extracapsular cataract extraction
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EENT
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eye, ear, nose, and throat
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EM
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emmetropia (normal vision)
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EOM
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Extraocular movement
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ICCE
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intracarsular cataract extraction
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IOL
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Intraocular lens
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IOP
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intraocular pressure
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LASIK
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laser-assisted in-situ keratomileusis
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OD
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right eye
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Ophth.
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ophthalmology
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OS
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left eye
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OU
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each eye
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PERRLA
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pupils equal, round, react to light and accommodation
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PRK
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photorefractive keratectomy
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REM
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rapid eye movement
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s.gl.
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without correction or glasses
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SMD
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senile macular degeneration
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ST
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esotropia
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VA
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visual activity
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VF
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visual field
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XT
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exotropia
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Structures relating to the ear
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auditory canal
auricle cochlea eustachian tube incus labyrinth malleus oval window semicircular canals stapes tympanic membrane (eardrum) |
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acous/o
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hearing
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audi/o
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hearing
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audit/o
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hearing
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aur/o
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ear
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auricul/o
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ear
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cochle/o
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cochlea
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labyrinth/o
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labyrinth
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myring/o
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eardrum
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ot/o
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ear
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salping/o
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eustachian tube
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staped/o
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stapes
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tympan/o
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eardrum, middle ear
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-cusis
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hearing
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-otia
|
ear condition
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American sign language (ASL)
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Nonverbal method of communicating in which the hands and fingers are used to indicate words and concepts. Used by both persons who are deaf and persons with speech impairments.
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binaural
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referring to both ears
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decibel
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measures the intensity or loudness of a sound. Zero decibels is the quietest sound measured and 120 dB is the loudest sound commonly measured.
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fingerspelling
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use of various hand and finger shapes and positions that represent the written alphabet. These positions can be strung together to form words.
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hertz (Hz)
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Measurement of the frequency or pitch of sound. The lowest pitch on an audiogram is 250 Hz. The measurement can go as high as 8000 Hz, which is the highest pitch measured.
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interpreter
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person with training in areas such as sign language, fingerspelling, and speech, who can transmit verbal or written messages to people with hearing impairments.
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monaural
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referring to one ear
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otorhinolaryngologist
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a physician who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the ear, nose, and throat
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otorhinolaryngology
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branch of medicine tha treats diseases of the ear, nose, and throat. Also referred to as ENT.
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Presbycusis
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normal loss of hearing that can accompany the aging process.
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residual hearing
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amount of hearing that is till present after damage has occurred to the auditory mechanism.
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Signing Exact English (SEE-2)
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Translation of English into signs. American Sign Language (ASL) is used in combination with other sign languages and fingerspelling to correspond exactly to the spoken English.
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Tinnitus
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ringing in the ears
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vertigo
|
dizziness
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acoustic neuroma
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benign tumor of the eighth cranial nerve sheath. the pressure causes symptoms such as tinnitus, headache, dizziness, and progressive hearing loss.
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anacusis
|
total absence of hearing; inability to perceive sound. Also called deafness.
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deafness
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the inability to hear or having some degree of hearing impairment
|
|
|
hearing impairment
|
loss of hearing sufficient to interfere with a person's ability to communicate
|
|
|
labyrinthitis
|
also referred to as an inner ear infection. May affect both the hearing and equilibrium portions of the inner ear.
|
|
|
Meniere's disease
|
Abnormal condition within the labyrinth of the inner ear that can lead to a progressive loss of hearing. The symptoms are dizziness or vertigo, hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears). Named for Prosper Meniere, a French physician.
|
|
|
otitis externa
|
external ear infection. Most commonly caused by fungus. Also called otomycosis and commonly referred to as swimmer's ear.
|
|
|
otitis media
|
Commonly referred to as a middle ear infection; seen frequently in children. Often preceded by an upper respiratory infection. Fluid accumulates in the middle ear cavity. The fluid may be watery, serous otitis media, or full of pus, purulent otitis media.
|
|
|
otosclerosis
|
loss of mobility of the stapes bone, leading to progressive hearing loss.
|
|
|
audiometry
|
Test of hearing ability by determining the lowest and highest intensity (decibels) and frequencies (hertz) that a person can distinguish. The patient may sit in a soundproof booth and receive sounds through earphones as the technician decreases the sound or lowers the tones.
|
|
|
falling test
|
Test used to observe balance and equilibrium. The patient is observed balancing on one foot, then with one foot in front of the other, and walking forward with eyes open. The same test is conducted with the patient's eyes closed. Swaying and falling with the eyes closed can indicate an ear and equilibrium malfunction.
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|
|
hearing level
|
Audiometer reading in decibels (dB) corresponding to the listener's hearing threshold ratio that corresponds to the softest sound the listener can hear.
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|
|
otoscopy
|
Use of a lighted otoscope to examine the auditory canal and middle ear.
|
|
|
Rinne and Weber tuning-fork tests
|
The physician holds a tuning fork, which is an instrument that produces a constant pitch when it is struck, against or near the bones on the side of the head. These tests assess both nerve and bone conduction of sound. Friedrich Rinne was a German otologist, and Ernst Weber was a German physiologist.
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|
|
tympanometry
|
Measurement of the movement of the tympanic membrane. Can indicate the presence of pressure in the middle ear.
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|
|
amplification
|
used to increase certain sounds for people with hearing impairments. Also known as hearing aid.
|
|
|
cochlear implant
|
Mechanical device surgically placed under the skin behind the outer ear (pinna) that converts sound signals into magnetic impulses to stimulate the auditory nerve. Can be beneficial for those with profound sensorineural hearing loss.
|
|
|
hearing aid
|
Apparatus or mechanical device used by persons with impaired hearing to amplify sound. Same as amplification device.
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|
|
myringotomy
|
Surgical puncture of the eardrum with removal of fluid and pus from the middle ear to eliminate a persistent ear infection and excessive pressure on the tympanic membrane. A polyethylene tube is placed in the tympanic membrane to allow for drainage of the middle ear cavity.
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|
|
otoplasty
|
corrective surgery to change the size of the external ear or pinna. the surgery can either enlarge or decrease the size of the pinna.
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|
|
otoscopy
|
examination of the ear canal, eardrum, and outer ear using the otoscope. Foreign material can be removed from the ear canal with this procedure.
|
|
|
polyethylene
|
small tube surgically placed in a child's eardrum to assist in drainage of infection.
|
|
|
stapedectomy
|
removal of the stapes bone to treat otosclerosis (hardening of the bone). A prosthesis or artifical stapes may be implanted.
|
|
|
typmanoplasty
|
Another term for the surgical reconstruction of the eardrum. Also called myringoplasty.
|
|
|
antibiotic otic solution
|
eardrops to treat otitis externa
|
|
|
antihistamines
|
some types of antihistamine medications are effective in treating the nausea associated with vertigo.
|
|
|
anti-inflammatory otic solution
|
reduces inflammation, itching, and edema associated with otitis externa.
|
|
|
oral antibiotics
|
Oral antibiotics are required to treat otitis media and labyrinthitis because the tympanic membrane prevents eardrops from reaching the middle ear cavity.
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|
|
AD
|
right ear
|
|
|
AS
|
left ear
|
|
|
ASL
|
American Sign Language
|
|
|
AU
|
both ears
|
|
|
BC
|
bone conduction
|
|
|
dB
|
decibel
|
|
|
EENT
|
eyes, ears, nose, throat
|
|
|
ENT
|
ear, nose, and throat
|
|
|
HEENT
|
head, ears, eyes, nose, throat
|
|
|
Hz
|
hertz
|
|
|
OM
|
otitis media
|
|
|
Oto
|
otology
|
|
|
PE tube
|
polyethylene tube placed in th eardrum
|
|
|
PORP
|
partial ossicular replacement prosthesis
|
|
|
SEE-2
|
Signing Exact English
|
|
|
SOM
|
serous otitis media
|
|
|
TORP
|
total ossicular replacement prosthesis
|
|
|
aer/o
|
air
|
|
|
bucc/o
|
cheek
|
|
|
chem/o
|
drug
|
|
|
cutane/o
|
skin
|
|
|
derm/o
|
skin
|
|
|
lingu/o
|
tongue
|
|
|
muscul/o
|
muscle
|
|
|
or/o
|
mouth
|
|
|
pharmac/o
|
drug
|
|
|
rect/o
|
rectum
|
|
|
toxic/o
|
poison
|
|
|
vagin/o
|
vagina
|
|
|
ven/o
|
vein
|
|
|
intra-
|
within
|
|
|
sub-
|
under
|
|
|
trans-
|
across
|
|
|
oral
|
this method includes all drugs that are given by mouth. the advantages are ease of adminstration and a slow rate of absorption via stomach and intestinal wall. the disadvantages include slowness of absorption and destruction of some chemical compounds by gastric juices. In addition, some medications, such as aspirins, can have a corrosive action on the stomach lining.
|
|
|
sublingual
|
these are drugs that are held under the tongue and not swallowed. the medication is absorbed by the blood vessels on the underside of the tongue as the salvia dissolves it. the rate of absorption is quicker than the oral route. nitroglycerin to treat angina or chest pain is adminstered by this route.
|
|
|
inhalation
|
includes drugs that are inhaled directly into the nose and mouth. Aerosol sprays are adminstered by this route.
|
|
|
Parenteral
|
this is an invasive method of administering drugs since it requires the skin to be punctured by a needle. the needle with syringe attached is introduced either under the skin or into a muscle, vein, or body cavity.
|
|
|
Transdermal
|
the medication coats the underside of a patch, which is applied to the skin. the medication is then absorbed across the skin. Examples include birth control patches and nicotine patches.
|
|
|
rectal
|
this medication is introduced directly into the rectal cavity in the form of suppositories or solution. Drugs may have to be administered by this route if the patient is unable to take them by mouth due to nausea, vomiting, or surgery.
|
|
|
topical
|
this medication is applied directly to the skin or mucous membranes. they are distributed in ointment, cream, or lotion form, and are used to treat skin infections and eruptions.
|
|
|
vaginal
|
tablets and suppositories may be inserted vaginally to treat vaginal yeast infections and other irritations
|
|
|
addiction
|
acquired dependence on a drug
|
|
|
additive
|
the sum of the action of two (or more) drugs given. In this case, the total strength of the medications is equal to the sum of the strength of each individual drug.
|
|
|
antidote
|
substance that will neutralize poisons or their side effects
|
|
|
broad spectrum
|
ability of a drug to be effective against a wide range of microorganisms
|
|
|
contraindication
|
condition in which a particular drug should not be used.
|
|
|
cumulative action
|
action that occurs in the body when a drug is allowed to accumulate or stay in the body
|
|
|
dilute
|
to weaken the strength of a substance by adding something else
|
|
|
drug interaction
|
occurs when the effect of one drug is altered because it was taken at the same time as another drug
|
|
|
drug tolerance
|
decrease in susceptibility to a drug after continued use of the drug.
|
|
|
habituation
|
development of an emotional dependence on a drug due to repeated use.
|
|
|
latrogenic
|
usually an unfavorable response that results from taking a medication
|
|
|
idiosyncrasy
|
unusual or abnormal response to a drug or food
|
|
|
placebo
|
inactive, harmless substance used to satisfy a patient's desire for medication. This is also used in research when given to a control group of patients in a study in which another group receives a drug. The effect of the placebo versus the drug is then observed.
|
|
|
potentiation
|
giving a patient a second drug to boost (potentiate)the effect of another drug. The total strength of the drugs is greater than the sum of the strength of an individual drugs.
|
|
|
prophylaxis
|
prevention of disease. for example, an antibiotic can be used to prevent the occurrence of a disease.
|
|
|
side effect
|
response to a drug other than the effect desired. also called an adverse reaction.
|
|
|
tolerance
|
development of a capacity for withstanding a large amount of a substance, such as foods, drugs, or poison, without any adverse effect. A decreased sensitivity to further doses will develop.
|
|
|
toxicity
|
extent or degree to which a substance is poisonous
|
|
|
unit dose
|
drug dosage system that provides prepackaged, prelabeled, individual medications that are ready for immediate use by the patient.
|
|
|
@
|
at
|
|
|
a
|
before
|
|
|
ac
|
before meals
|
|
|
AD
|
right ear
|
|
|
ad lib
|
as desired
|
|
|
am, AM
|
morning
|
|
|
amt
|
amount
|
|
|
ante
|
before
|
|
|
APAP
|
acetaminophen (Tylenol)
|
|
|
aq
|
aqueouse (water)
|
|
|
ASA
|
aspirin
|
|
|
bid
|
twice a day
|
|
|
C
|
100
|
|
|
c
|
with
|
|
|
cap(s)
|
capsule(s)
|
|
|
cc
|
cubic centimeter
|
|
|
d
|
day
|
|
|
d/c, DISC
|
discontinue
|
|
|
DC,disc
|
discontinue
|
|
|
DEA
|
drug enforcement agency
|
|
|
dil
|
dilute
|
|
|
disp
|
dispense
|
|
|
dr
|
dram
|
|
|
dtd
|
give of such a dose
|
|
|
Dx
|
diagnosis
|
|
|
elix
|
elixir
|
|
|
emul
|
emulsion
|
|
|
et
|
and
|
|
|
FDA
|
Federal Drug Adminstration
|
|
|
fl
|
fluid
|
|
|
gm
|
gram
|
|
|
gr
|
grain
|
|
|
gt
|
drop
|
|
|
gtt
|
drops
|
|
|
hs
|
at bedtime
|
|
|
i
|
one
|
|
|
ID
|
intradermal
|
|
|
ii
|
two
|
|
|
iii
|
three
|
|
|
IM
|
intramuscular
|
|
|
inj
|
injection
|
|
|
IU
|
international unit
|
|
|
IV
|
intravenous
|
|
|
kg
|
kilogram
|
|
|
L
|
liter
|
|
|
liq
|
liquid
|
|
|
mcg
|
microgram
|
|
|
mEq
|
milliequivalent
|
|
|
mg
|
milligram
|
|
|
mL
|
milliliter
|
|
|
noc
|
night
|
|
|
no sub
|
no substitute
|
|
|
non rep
|
do not repeat
|
|
|
NPO
|
nothing by mouth
|
|
|
NS
|
normal saline
|
|
|
od
|
overdose
|
|
|
oint
|
ointment
|
|
|
OTC
|
over the counter
|
|
|
oz
|
ounce
|
|
|
p
|
after
|
|
|
pc
|
after meals
|
|
|
PCA
|
patient-controlled adminstration
|
|
|
PDR
|
Physician's Desk Reference
|
|
|
per
|
with
|
|
|
PM, pm
|
evening
|
|
|
PO
|
phone order
|
|
|
po
|
by mouth
|
|
|
prn
|
as needed
|
|
|
pt
|
pint, patient
|
|
|
q
|
every
|
|
|
qam
|
every morning
|
|
|
qd
|
once a day/every day
|
|
|
qh
|
every hour
|
|
|
qhs
|
at bedtime
|
|
|
qid
|
four times a day
|
|
|
qod
|
every other day
|
|
|
qs
|
quantity sufficient
|
|
|
Rx
|
take
|
|
|
s
|
without
|
|
|
SC
|
subcutaneous
|
|
|
Sig
|
label as follows/directions
|
|
|
sl
|
under the tongue
|
|
|
sol
|
solution
|
|
|
ss
|
one-half
|
|
|
stat
|
at once/immediately
|
|
|
Subc, SubQ
|
subcutaneous
|
|
|
suppos, supp.
|
suppository
|
|
|
susp
|
suspension
|
|
|
syr
|
syrup
|
|
|
T, tbsp
|
tablespoon
|
|
|
t, tsp
|
teaspoon
|
|
|
tab
|
tablet
|
|
|
tid
|
three times a day
|
|
|
tinc, tr
|
tincture
|
|
|
TO
|
telephone order
|
|
|
top
|
apply topically
|
|
|
u
|
unit
|
|
|
ung
|
ointment
|
|
|
VO
|
verbal order
|
|
|
wt
|
weight
|
|
|
x
|
times
|
|
|
anxi/o
|
anxiety
|
|
|
ment/o
|
mind
|
|
|
phren/o
|
mind
|
|
|
psych/o
|
mind
|
|
|
schiz/o
|
divided
|
|
|
somato/o
|
body
|
|
|
somn/o
|
sleep
|
|
|
-iatrist
|
physician
|
|
|
-mania
|
excessive preoccupation
|
|
|
-philia
|
affinity for, craving for
|
|
|
-phobia
|
irrational fear
|
|
|
Anxiety disorders
|
Characterized by persistent worry and apprehension; includes: panic attacks, anxiety, phobias (irrational fear, such as photophobia, or fear of light), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD- performing repetivitvie rituals to reduce anxiety)
|
|
|
Cognitive disorders
|
deterioration of mental functions due to temporary brain or permanent brain dysfunction; also called organic mental disease; includes: dementia(progressive confusion and disorientation), degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease
|
|
|
Disorders diagnosed in infancy and childhood
|
Mental disorders associated with childhood; includes: mental retardation, attention deficit disorder (ADD), autism (extreme withdrawal)
|
|
|
Dissociative disorders
|
disorders in which severe emotional conflict is so repressed that a split in the personality occurs; includes: amnesia- loss of memory, multiple personality disorder
|
|
|
eating disorders
|
abnormal behaviors related to eating; includes: anorexia nervosa-refusal to eat, bulimia-binge eating and intentional vomiting
|
|
|
factitous disorders
|
intentionally feigning illness symptoms in order to gain attention; includes: malingering-pretending illness or injury
|
|
|
impulse control disorders
|
inability to resist an impulse to perform some act that is harmful to the individual or others; includes: kleptomania-stealing, pyromania-setting fires, explosive disorder-violent rages, pathological gambling
|
|
|
mood disorders
|
characterized by instability in mood; includes: major depression with suicide potential, mania- extreme elation, bipolar disorder-(BPD) alternation between periods of deep depression and mania
|
|
|
personality disorders
|
Inflexible or maladaptive behavior patterns that affect person's ability to function in society; includes: paranoid personality disorder-exaggerated feelings of persecution, narcissistic personality disorder-abnormal sense of self-importance, antisocial personality disorder-behaviors that are against legal or social norms, passive aggressive personality-indirect expression of hostility or anger.
|
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
Mental disorders characterized by distortions of reality such as: delusions-a false belief held even in the face of contrary evidence. Hallucinations- perceiving something that is not there
|
|
|
sexual disorders
|
disorders include aberrant sexual activity and sexual dysfunction; includes: peduphilia-sexual interest in children, masochism-gratification derived from being hurt or abused, voyeurism-gratification derived from observing others engaged in sexual acts, low sex drive, premature ejaculation
|
|
|
sleeping disorders
|
disorders relating to sleeping; includes: insomnia-inability to sleep, sleepwalking
|
|
|
somatoform disorders
|
patient has physical symptoms for which no physical disease can be determined; includes: hypochondria- a preoccupation with health concerns, conversion reaction- anxiety is transformed into physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, paralysis, or blindness
|
|
|
Substance-related disorders
|
overindulgence or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs.
|
|
|
Psychotherapy
|
a method of treating mental disorders by mental rather chemical or physical means. It includes psychoanalysis, humanistic therapies, and family and group therapy.
|
|
|
psychoanalysis
|
a method of obtaining a detailed account of the past and present emotional and mental experiences from the patient to determine the source of the problem and eliminate the effects. It is a system developed by Sigmund Freud that encourages the patient to discuss repressed, painful, or hidden experiences with the hope of eliminating or minimizing the problem.
|
|
|
Humanistic psychotherapy
|
The therapist does not delve into the patients' past when using these methods. Instead, it is believed that patients can learn how to use their own internal resources to deal with their problems. The therapist creates a therapeutic atmosphere, which builds patients' self-esteem and encourages them to discuss their problems, thereby gaining insight in how to handle them. Also called client-centered or nondirective psychotherapy.
|
|
|
Family and group psychotherapy
|
often described as solution focused, the therapist places minimal emphasis on patients' past history and strong emphasis on having patients state and discuss their goals and then find a way to achieve them.
|
|
|
Psychopharmacology
|
The study of the effects of drugs on the mind and particulatly the use of drugs in treating mental disorders. The main classes of drugs for the treatment of mental disorders are antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, minor tranquilizers, and lithium
|
|
|
Antipsychotic drugs
|
The major tranquilizers include chlorpromazine (Thorazine, haloperidol (Haldol) clozapine (Clozaril), and risperidone. These drugs have transformed the treatment of patients with psychoses and schizophrenia by reducing patient agitation and panic and shortening schizophrenic episodes. One of the side effects of these drugs is involuntary muscle movements, which approximately one-fourth of all adults who take the drugs develop
|
|
|
antidepressant drugs
|
These drugs are classified as stimulants and alter the patient's mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. Antidepressants, such as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, are nonaddictive but they can produce unpleasant side effects such as dry mouth, weight gain, blurrd vision, and nausea.
|
|
|
Minor tranquilizers
|
Includes Valium and Xanax. These are also classified as CNS depressants and are prescribed for anxiety.
|
|
|
Lithium
|
A special category of drug. It is used successfully to calm patients who suffer from bipolar disorder (depression alternating with manic excitement).
|
|
|
ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT)
|
A procedure occasionally used for cases of prolonged major depression. This is a controversial treatment in which an electrode is placed on one or both sides of the patient's head and a current is turned on briefly causing a convulsive seizure. A low level of voltage is used in modern ECT, and the patient is adminstered a muscle relaxant and anthesia. Advocates of this treatment state that it is a more effective way to treat severe depression than using drugs. It is not effective with disorders other than depression, such as schizophrenia and alcoholism.
|
|
|
AD
|
Alzheimer's disease
|
|
|
ADD
|
attention deficit disorder
|
|
|
ADHD
|
attention-deficit/hyperacivity disorder
|
|
|
BPD
|
bipolar disorder
|
|
|
CA
|
chronological age
|
|
|
DSM
|
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
|
|
|
ECT
|
electroconvulsive therapy
|
|
|
MA
|
mental age
|
|
|
MAO
|
monoamine oxidase
|
|
|
MMPI
|
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
|
|
|
OCD
|
obessive-compulsive disorder
|
|
|
SAD
|
seasonal afffective disorder
|
|
|
fluor/o
|
fluorescence, luminous
|
|
|
radi/o
|
X-ray
|
|
|
roentgen/o
|
X-ray
|
|
|
son/o
|
sound
|
|
|
tom/o
|
to cut
|
|
|
-gram
|
record
|
|
|
-graphy
|
recording
|
|
|
-lucent
|
to shine through
|
|
|
-opaque
|
nontransparent
|
|
|
anteroposterior view (AP view)
|
Positioning the patient so that the X-rays pass through the body from the anterior side to the posterior side.
|
|
|
barium
|
Soft metallic element from the earth used as a radiopaque X-ray dye.
|
|
|
cyclotron
|
Equipment consisting of a particle accelerator in which the particles are rotated between magnets.
|
|
|
electron
|
Minute particle with a negative electrical charge that is emitted from radioactive substances. These are called rays.
|
|
|
film
|
Thin sheet of cellulose material coated with a light-sensitive substance that is used in taking photographs. There is a special photographic film that is sensitive to X-rays.
|
|
|
film badge
|
Badge containing film that is sensitive to X-rays. This is worn by all personnel in radiology to measure the amount of X-rays to which they are exposed.
|
|
|
Geiger counter
|
Instrument used for detecting radiation
|
|
|
lateral view
|
Positioning the patient so that the side of the body faces the X-ray machine.
|
|
|
oblique view
|
positioning the patient so the the X-rays pass through the body on an angle
|
|
|
posteroanterior view (PA view)
|
positioning the patient so the the X-rays pass through the bdoy from the posterior side to the anterior side.
|
|
|
radioactive
|
substance capable of emitting or sending out radiant energy.
|
|
|
radiography
|
making of x-ray pictures
|
|
|
radioisotope
|
radioactive form of an element
|
|
|
radiologist
|
physician who practices diagnosis and treatment by using radiant energy. He or she is responsible for interpreting X-ray films.
|
|
|
radiolucent
|
Structures that allow X-rays to pass through; exposes the photographic plate and appears as a black area on the X-ray.
|
|
|
radiopaque
|
Structures that are impenetrable to X-rays, appearing as a light area on the radiograph (X-ray)
|
|
|
roentgen
|
unit for describing an exposure dose of radiation
|
|
|
scan
|
Recording on a photographic plate the emission of radioactive waves after a substance has been injected into the body
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shield
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protective device used to protect against radiation
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tagging
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attaching a radioactive material to a chemica, and tracing it as it moves through the body
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uptake
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absorption of radioactive material and medicines into an organ and tissue
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X-ray
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High-energy wave that can pentrate most solid matter and present the image on photographic film.
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computed tomography scan
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An imaging technique that is able to produce a cross-sectional view of the body. X-ray pictures are taken at multiple angles through the body. A computer then uses all these images to construct a composite cross-secton.
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Contrast studies
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A radiopaque substance is injected or swallowed. X-rays are then taken that will outline the body structure containing the radiopaque substance. For example, angiograms and myelograms.
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Doppler ultrasound
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Use of ultrasound to record the velocity of blood flowing through blood vessels. Used to detect blood clots and blood vessel obstructions.
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fluoroscopy
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X-rays strike a fluorescing screen rather than a photographic plate, causing it to glow. The glowing screen changes from minute to minute, therefore movement, such as the heart beating or the digestive tract moving, can be seen
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magnetic resonance
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Use of electromagnetic energy to produce an image of soft tissues in any plane of the body. Atoms behave differently when placed in a strong magnetic field. When the body is exposed to this magnetic field the nuclei of the body's atoms emit radio-frequency signals that can be used to create an image.
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Nuclear medicine
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Use of radioactive substances to diagnose diseases. A radioactive substance known to accumulate in certain body tissues is injected or inhaled. After waiting for the substance to travel to the body area of interest, the radioactivity level is recorded. Commonly referred to as a scan.
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Positron emission tomography
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Image is produced following the injection of radioactive glucose. The glucose will accumulate in areas of high metabolic activity. Therefore this process will highlight areas that are consuming a large quantity of glucose. This may show an active area of the brain or a tumor.
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radiology
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The use of high-energy radiation, X-rays, to expose a photographic plate. The image is a black-and-white picture with radiopaque structures such as bone appearing white and radiolucent tissue such as muscles appearing dark.
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Ultrasound
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The use of high-frequency sound waves to produce an image. Sound waves directed into the body from a transducer will bounce off internal structures and echo back to the transducer. The speed of the echo is dependent on the density of the tissue. A computer is able to correlate speed of echo with density and produce an image. Used to visualize internal organs, heart valves, and fetuses.
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67 Ga
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radioactive gallium
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99m Tc
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radioactive technetium
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131 I
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radioactive iodine
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201 TI
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radioactive thallium
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133 Xe
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radioactive xenon
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ACAT
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automated compoterized axial tomography
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Angio
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angiography
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AP
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anteroposterior
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Ba
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barium
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BaE
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barium enema
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CAT
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computerized axial tomography
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Ci
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curie
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CT
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computerized tomography
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CXR
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chest X-ray
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decub
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lying down
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DI
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diagnostic imaging
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DSA
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digital subtraction angiography
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ERCP
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endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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Fx
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fracture
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GB
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gallbladder X-ray
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IVA
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intravenous cholangiogram
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IVP
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intravenouse pyelogram
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KUB
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kidneys, ureters, bladder
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LAT
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lateral
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LGI
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lower gastrointestinal series
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LL
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left lateral
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mA
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milliampere
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mCi
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millicurie
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MRA
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magnetic resonance angiography
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging
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NMR
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nuclear magnetic resonance
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PA
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posteroanterior
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PET
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positive emission tomography
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PTC
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percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
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R
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roentgen
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Ra
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radium
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rad
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radiation absorbed dose
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RL
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right lateral
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RRT
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registered radiologic technologist
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UGI
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upper gastrointestinal series
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US
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ultrasound
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cry/o
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cold
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electr/o
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electric current
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erg/o
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work
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hydr/o
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water
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my/o
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muscle
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orth/o
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straight, correct
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phon/o
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sound
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prosth/o
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addition
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therm/o
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heat
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-phoresis
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carrying
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-therapy
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treatment
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activites of daily living (ADL)
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the activities usually performed in the course of a normal day, such as eating, dressing, and washing
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adaptive equipment
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modification of equipment or devices to improve the function and independence of a person with a disability
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body mechanics
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use of good posture and position while performing activities of daily living to prevent injury and stress on body parts
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ergonomics
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the study of human work including how the requirements for performing work and the work environment affect the musculoskeletal and nervous system
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fine motor skills
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the use of precise and coordinated movements in such activities such as writing, buttoning, and cutting
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gait
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manner of walking
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gross motor skills
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the use of large muscle groups that coordinate body movements such as walking, running, and balance
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lower extremity
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the leg
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mobility
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state of having normal movement of all body parts
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orthotics
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the use of equipment, such as splints and braces, to support a paralyzed muscle, promote a specific motion, or correct musculoskeletal deformities
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physiatrist
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physican who specializes in physical medicine
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physical medicine
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use of natural methods, including physical therapy, to cure disease and disorders
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prosthetics
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artifical devices, such as limbs and joints, that replace a missing body part.
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range of motion
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the range of movement of a joint, from maximum flexion through maximum extension. It is measured as degrees of a circle.
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rehabillitation
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process of treatment and exercise that can help a person with a disability attain maximum function and well-being
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upper extremity
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the arm
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active exercises
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exercises that a patient performs without assistant
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active range of motion
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range of motion for joints that a patient is able to perform without assistance from someone else
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active-resistive exercises
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exercises in which the patient works against an artificial resistance applied to a muscle, such as a weight. Used to increase strength.
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cryotherapy
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using cold for therapeutic purposes
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debridement
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removal of dead or damaged tissue from a wound. Commonly performed for burn therapy
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electromyogram
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graphic recording of the contraction of muscle. the result of applying an electrical stimulation to the muscle.
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hydrotherapy
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application of warm water as a therapeutic treatment. Can be done in baths, swimming pools, and whirlpools.
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ice packs
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using ice in a bag or container to treat localized conditions
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massage
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kneading or applying pressure by hands to a part of theh patient's body to promote muscle relaxation and reduce tension.
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moist hot packs
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applying moist warmth to a body part to produce the slight dilation of blood vessels in the skin. Causes muscle relaxation in the deeper regions of the body and increases circulation, which aids healing
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nerve conduction velocity
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a test to determine if nerves have been damaged by recording the rate at which an electrical impulse travels along a nerve. If the nerve is damaged, the velocity will be decreased.
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pain control
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managing pain through a variety of means, including medications, biofeedback, and mechanical devices.
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passive range of motion
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therapist putting a patient's joints through a full range of motion without assistance from the patient
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percussion
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use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly and sharply. Aids in determining the size, position, and consistency fo the underlying body part.
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phonophoresis
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the use of ultrasound waves to introduce medication across the skin and into the subcutaneouse tissues.
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postural drainage with clapping
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draining secretions from the bronchi or a lung cavity by having the patient lie so that gravity allows the drainage to occur. Clapping is using the hand in a cupped position to perform percussion on the chest. Assists in loosening secretions and mucus.
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therapeutic exercise
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exercise planned and carried out to achieve a specific physical benefit, such as improved range of motion, muscle strength, or cardiovascular function.
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thermotherapy
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applying heat to the body for therapeutic purposes
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traction
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process of pulling or drawing, usually with a mechanical device. Used in treating orthopedic (bone and joint) problems and injuries
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transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
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the application of an electrical current to a peripheral nerve to relieve pain
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ultrasound
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the use of high-frequency sound waves to create heat in soft tissues under the skin. It is particularly useful for treating injuries to muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as well as muscle spasms.
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whirlpool
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bath in which there are continuous jets of hot water reaching the body surfaces.
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ADL
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activities of daily living
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AROM
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active range of motion
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EMG
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electomyogram
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e-stim
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electrical stimulation
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LE
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lower extremity
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OT
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occupational therapy
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PROM
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passive range of motion
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PT
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physical therapy
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ROM
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range of motion
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TENS
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transcutaneouse electrical stimulation
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UE
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upper extremity
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US
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ultrasound
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cis/o
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to cut
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cry/o
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cold
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electr/o
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electricity
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esthesi/o
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sensation, feeling
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sect/o
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cut
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-ectomy
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excision
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-otomy
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incision
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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-scopic
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to view inside
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general anesthesia
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produces a loss of consciousness including an absence of pain sensation. It is administered to a patient by either an intravenous or inhalation method. The patient's vital signs (VS) (heart rate, pulse, and blood pressure) are carefully monitored when using a general anesthetic
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regional anesthesia
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is also referred to as a nerve block. This anesthetic interrupts a patient's pain sensation in a particular region of the body. the anesthetic is injected near the nerve that will be blocked from sensation. The patient usually remains conscious.
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local anesthesia
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produces a loss of sensation in one localized part of the body. the patient remains conscious. the anesthetic is administered either topically or via a subcutaneous route.
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topical anesthesia
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uses an anesthetic liquid or gel placed directly into a specific area. The patient remains conscious. this type of anesthetic is used on the skin, the cornea, and the mucous membranes in dental work.
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