Medical Terminology Second Edition Chapter Nine

Front 1

alveol/o

Back 1

alveolus (air sac)

Front 2

bronch/o
bronchi/o

Back 2

bronchus (airway)

Front 3

bronchiol/o

Back 3

bronchiole (little airway)

Front 4

capn/o
carb/o

Back 4

carbon dioxide

Front 5

laryng/o

Back 5

larynx (voice box)

Front 6

lob/o

Back 6

lobe (a portion)

Front 7

nas/o
rhin/o

Back 7

nose

Front 8

or/o

Back 8

mouth

Front 9

ox/o

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

palat/o

Back 10

palate

Front 11

pharyng/o

Back 11

pharynx (throat)

Front 12

phren/o

Back 12

diaphragm (also mind)

Front 13

pleur/o

Back 13

pleura

Front 14

pneum/o
pneumon/o

Back 14

air or lung

Front 15

pulmon/o

Back 15

lung

Front 16

sinus/o

Back 16

sinus (cavity)

Front 17

spir/o

Back 17

breathing

Front 18

thorac/o
pector/o
steth/o

Back 18

chest

Front 19

tonisll/o

Back 19

tonsil (almond)

Front 20

trache/o

Back 20

trachea (windpipe)

Front 21

uvul/o

Back 21

uvula

Front 22

-pnea

Back 22

breathing

Front 23

nose

Back 23

structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract and that houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell

Front 24

sinuses

Back 24

air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity

Front 25

palate

Back 25

partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate

Front 26

pharynx

Back 26

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

Front 27

nasopharynx

Back 27

part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages

Front 28

oropharynx

Back 28

central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis

Front 29

laryngopharynx

Back 29

lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and the esophagus

Front 30

tonsils

Back 30

oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion -- also called palatine tonsils

Front 31

adenoid

Back 31

lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose -- also called pharyngeal tonsil

Front 32

uvula

Back 32

small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the small palate, named for its grape-like shape

Front 33

larynx

Back 33

voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords

Front 34

glottis

Back 34

opening between the vocal cords in the larynx

Front 35

epiglottis

Back 35

lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway

Front 36

trachea

Back 36

windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina where it splits into the right and left bronchus

Front 37

bronchial tree

Back 37

branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli

Front 38

right and left bronchus

Back 38

two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs

Front 39

bronchioles

Back 39

progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways

Front 40

alveoli

Back 40

thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases

Front 41

lungs

Back 41

two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration

Front 42

lobes

Back 42

subdivisions of the lung, two on the left and three on the right

Front 43

pleura

Back 43

membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)

Front 44

pleural cavity

Back 44

potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura

Front 45

diphragm

Back 45

muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down

Front 46

mediastinum

Back 46

partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (that contain the right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland

Front 47

mucous membranes

Back 47

thin sheets of tissue that line the respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid

Front 48

cilia

Back 48

hair-like processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, that provide upward movement of mucus cell secretions

Front 49

parenchyma

Back 49

functional tissues of any organ such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration

Front 50

eupnea

Back 50

normal breathing

Front 51

bradypnea

Back 51

slow breathing

Front 52

tachypnea

Back 52

fast breathing

Front 53

hypopnea

Back 53

shallow breathing

Front 54

hyperpnea

Back 54

deep breathing

Front 55

dyspnea

Back 55

difficultly breathing

Front 56

apnea

Back 56

inability to breathe

Front 57

othopnea

Back 57

ability to breathe only in an upright position

Front 58

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 58

pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometime rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea

Front 59

crackles

Back 59

popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli -- occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis

Front 60

wheezes

Back 60

high-pitches, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway -- occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema

Front 61

stridor

Back 61

a high-pitched crowing sound that is a sign of obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx)

Front 62

caseous necrosis

Back 62

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance (characteristic of tuberculosis)

Front 63

dysphonia

Back 63

hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound)

Front 64

epistaxis

Back 64

nosebleed (epi = upon; stazo = to drip)

Front 65

expectoration

Back 65

coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs

Front 66

sputum

Back 66

material expelled from the lungs by coughing

Front 67

hemoptysis

Back 67

coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs (ptysis = to spit)

Front 68

hypercapnia
hypercarbia

Back 68

excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; carbo = coal)

Front 69

hyperventilation

Back 69

excessive movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypocapnia

Front 70

hypoventilation

Back 70

deficient movement of air in and out of the lungs causing hypercapnia

Front 71

hypoxemia

Back 71

deficient amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 72

hypoxia

Back 72

deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells

Front 73

obstructive lung disorder

Back 73

condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs

Front 74

restrictive lung disorder

Back 74

condition limiting the air into the lungs

Front 75

pmonary edema

Back 75

fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the aveoli

Front 76

pulmonary infiltrate

Back 76

density on an x-ray representing solid material within the air spaces of the lungs, usually indication inflammatory changes

Front 77

rhinorrhea

Back 77

thin, watery discharge from the nose

Front 78

asthma

Back 78

panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane, characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough

Front 79

atellectasis

Back 79

collapse of lung tissue (alveoli) (atele = imperfect)

Front 80

bronchiectasis

Back 80

abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus

Front 81

bronchitis

Back 81

inflammation of the bronchi

Front 82

bronchogenic carcinoma

Back 82

lung cancer

Front 83

bronchospasm

Back 83

constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle

Front 84

ephysema

Back 84

obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air, with destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange (emphysan = to inflate)

Front 85

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 85

permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema

Front 86

cystic fibrosis

Back 86

inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing of abnormally thick, viscous (sticky) mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lung and digestive tract; mucus that obstructs the airways leads to infection, inflammation, and lung tissue damage

Front 87

laryngitis

Back 87

inflammation of the larynx

Front 88

laryngotracheobronchitis
croup

Back 88

inflammation of the upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shapped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough

Front 89

layngospasm

Back 89

spasm of laryngeal muscles causing constriction

Front 90

nasal polyposis

Back 90

presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk)

Front 91

pharyngitis

Back 91

inflammation of the pharynx

Front 92

pleural effusion

Back 92

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity

Front 93

empyema
pyothorax

Back 93

accumulation of pus in the plearal cavity

Front 94

hemothorax

Back 94

accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity

Front 95

pleuritis
pleurisy

Back 95

inflammation of the pleura

Front 96

pneumoconiosis

Back 96

chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos (asbestosis), or silicone (silicosis) (conio = dust)

Front 97

pneumonia

Back 97

inflammation in the lung caused by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals

Front 98

pneumocystis pneumonia

Back 98

pneumonia caused by the Pneumocystis carinii organism -- a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive human immunodeficiency virus

Front 99

pneumothorax

Back 99

air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall

Front 100

pneumohemothorax

Back 100

air and blood in the pleural cavity

Front 101

pneumonitis

Back 101

inflammation of the lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts

Front 102

pulmonary embolism (PE)

Back 102

occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot

Front 103

pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

Back 103

disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs characterized by the formation of tubercles, inflammation, and nectrotizing caseous lesions (caseous necrosis)

Front 104

sinusitis

Back 104

inflammation of the sinuses

Front 105

sleep apnea

Back 105

periods of breathing cessations (10 seconds of more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring

Front 106

tonsillitis

Back 106

acute or chronic inflammation of the tonsils

Front 107

upper respiratory infection

Back 107

infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi

Front 108

aterial blood gases (ABGs)

Back 108

analysis of arterial blood to determine the adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases

Front 109

pH

Back 109

a measure of blood acidity or alkalinity

Front 110

PaO2

Back 110

partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood

Front 111

PaCO2

Back 111

partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 112

endoscopy

Back 112

examination of a body cavity with a flexible endoscope to examine within for diagnostic or treatment purposes

Front 113

bronchoscopy

Back 113

use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchoscope, to examine the airways

Front 114

nasopharngoscopy

Back 114

use of a flexible endoscopic to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx (throat) to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstruction, growths, and cancers

Front 115

lung biospsy (Bx)

Back 115

removal of a small ppiece of lung tissue for pathological examination

Front 116

lung scan

Back 116

two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of perfusion (blood flow) or ventilation (respiration), commonly called a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan

ventilation scan -- made as the patient breathes radioactive material into the airways

perfusion scan -- made after radioactive material is injected into the blood and circulates to the lungs

Front 117

magnetic resonance image (MRI)

Back 117

nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions

Front 118

polysomnography (PSG)

Back 118

recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movements, respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders (somn/o = sleep)

Front 119

auscultation

Back 119

to listen; physical examination method of listening to the sounds within the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds

Front 120

percussion

Back 120

physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimate the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest

Front 121

pulmonary function testing (PFT)

Back 121

direct and indirect measurements of lung volumes and capacities

Front 122

spirometry

Back 122

portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity

Front 123

tidal volume (TV or Vt)

Back 123

amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration

Front 124

vital capacity (VC)

Back 124

amount of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration

Front 125

peak flow (PF)
peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR)

Back 125

measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a maximal inspiration

Front 126

pulse oximetry

Back 126

noninvasive method of estimating the percentage of oxygen saturation in the blood using an oximeter with a specialized probe attached to the skin at a site of aterial pulsation, commonly the finger; used to monitor hypoxemia

Front 127

radiology

Back 127

x-ray imaging

Front 128

chest x-ray (CXR)

Back 128

x-ray image of the chest to visualize the lungs

Front 129

computed tomography (CT)

Back 129

computed x-ray imaging of the head is used to visualize the structures of the nose and sinuses; CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung

Front 130

pulmonary angiography

Back 130

x-ray of the blood vessels of the lungs after injection of contrast material

Front 131

adenoidectomy

Back 131

excision of the adenoids

Front 132

lobectomy

Back 132

removal of a lobe of a lung

Front 133

nasal polypectomy

Back 133

removal of a nasal polyp

Front 134

pneumonectomy

Back 134

removal of an entire lung

Front 135

thoracentesis

Back 135

puncture for aspiration of the chest

Front 136

thoracoplasty

Back 136

repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs

Front 137

thoracoscopy

Back 137

endoscopic examination of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope

Front 138

thoracostomy

Back 138

creation of an opening in the chest usually for insertion of a tube

Front 139

thoracotomy

Back 139

incision into the chest

Front 140

tonsillectomy

Back 140

excision of the palatine tnosils

Front 141

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A)

Back 141

excision of the tonsils and adenoids

Front 142

tracheostomy

Back 142

creation of an opening in the trachea, most often to insert a tube

Front 143

tracheotomy

Back 143

incision into the trachea

Front 144

cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Back 144

method of artificial respiration and closed-chest massage used to restore breathing and cardiac output after cardiac arrest

Front 145

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Back 145

device that pumps a constant pressurized flow of air through the nasal passages commonly used ruing sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea

Front 146

endotracheal intubation

Back 146

passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to pen the airway for deliver gas mixtures to the lungs (e.g., oxygen, anesthetics, or air)

Front 147

incentive spirometry

Back 147

common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs to prevent pulmonary complications

Front 148

mechanical ventilation

Back 148

mechanical method performed by a respiratory therapist to provide assisted breathing using a ventilator

Front 149

antibiotic

Back 149

drug that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Front 150

anticoagulant

Back 150

drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels

Front 151

antihistamine

Back 151

drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine

Front 152

histamine

Back 152

compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, etc., causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle, dilation of blood vessels, etc.

Front 153

bronchodilator

Back 153

drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi

Front 154

expectorant

Back 154

drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing